Extensive Thrombosis in Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome in a Newly Diagnosed Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Case Report

Abstract

In this case report, we present the development of catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS), a rare and potentially fatal consequence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), in a 33-year-old Micronesian woman. CAPS is characterized by extensive arterial thrombosis and multiorgan failure. The patient first showed signs of neuropsychiatric symptoms, brain infarctions on imaging, and severe hypoxic respiratory failure brought into the hospital by diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) along with lupus nephritis (LN). Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) were progressively elevated to 102/4.1 mg/dL, respectively. A urinalysis revealed microscopic hematuria and proteinuria with a urine protein/creatinine ratio of 6052 mg/g. She was also found to have had microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA) and severe venous thrombosis, both of which were indicative of CAPS. An aggressive approach, including immunosuppressive medication, therapeutic plasma exchange, and anticoagulation, had positive results, including renal recovery and the cessation of thrombotic episodes. This instance highlights how crucial it is to identify CAPS patients early and take appropriate action to improve patient outcomes for this difficult and sometimes deadly disorder.

Keywords: acute respiratory distress syndrome [ards]; catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (caps); catastrophic aps; dah; microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (maha); peripheral thrombosis; s: sle; systemic lupus erythematosis; thrombosis.

Figure 1. Computed tomography images in the axial plane (A) and coronal plane (B) of the chest, demonstrating bilateral ground glass opacities throughout both lungs. These images represent lung windows on CT scan.