From "Husky" to "Bulldog"- behavioural correlates between castration and breed groups in the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris)

Abstract

Neutering dogs is a widespread method and is carried out for various behavioural and husbandry reasons. This study's main objective is to investigate the behavioural correlations between neutering and the breed of male dogs. In order to possibly find breed-dependent differences in the behaviour of intact and castrated dogs, a differentiation between two clades - the "Huskies"(chow chow, shar pei, akita/shiba inu, alaskan malamute, siberian/alaskan husky) and the "Bulldogs" (german boxer, english/french bulldog, old english mastiff, boston terrier, english bull terrier, staffordshire bull terrier, american staffordshire terrier), based on Parker et al. [1], was made.Using an online questionnaire,, 31 neutered and 37 intact male dogs from the clade "Huskies" and 30 neutered and 38 intact male dogs from the clade "Bulldogs", participated in the study (N = 136).The survey included detailed questions on the dogs' personality and any associated issues as well as a behavioural anamnesis. Further questions relating to four of the "big five" personality dimensions based on the "Budapest questionnaire" by Turcsán et al. from 2011 [2] were also added.The results show, that neutered males from both breed clades more frequently displayed aggression toward humans than intact males (multinomial logistic regression, p = 0.002). When it came to aggression towards other dogs, it was the "Huskies" that differed significantly from the "Bulldogs"(multinomial logistic regression, p = 0.04) with being more aggressive. There were also significant differences in stress-related behaviour depending on castration status and breed (multinomial logistic regression, p < 0.001; Cramer's V = 0.33) and only the castration status had an impact on the significance (multinomial logistic regression, p < 0.001). The analysis also revealed significance for stress-indicating behaviour with dependence on neutering status (multinomial logistic regression, p < 0.001) and showed that stress as well as uncertainty are significantly more common in neutered dogs depending on breed and neutering status (multinomial logistic regression, p < 0.001; Cramer's V = 0.42), in that only neutered "Bulldogs" were stressed, but more "Huskies" overall.According to the Budapest questionnaire data, the "Bulldog" clade had considerably greater extraversion scores overall (ordinal regression, p < 0.001) than the "Huskies".Our findings highlight the risks and potential negative effects of neutering. Gonadectomy in no way substitutes for the dog receiving the necessary socialization, training, or bonding. Although in some circumstances it might have a favourable impact on the dog's behaviour, it should not be seen as a panacea for unwanted behaviour. Given that not all behaviours are influenced by sex hormones, every castration decision must be weighed up individually.

Keywords: Behaviour; Breed; Bulldog; Castration; Husky; Neutering.

Fig. 1

Aggression: Comparison of neutered (n = 31) and intact males (n = 37) of the clade “Huskies” with the neutered (n = 30) and intact males (n = 38) of the clade “Bulldogs” regarding aggressive behaviour depending on their breed and neutering status. There are significant differences concerning aggression towards dogs (multinomial regression analysis: final significance p = 0.03; for breed p = 0.04), aggression towards humans (multinomial regression analysis: final significance p = 0.006; for neuter status: p = 0.002), aggression towards people of the same household (multinomial regression analysis: final significance p = 0.03, for breed p = 0.02)

Fig. 2

Stress-indicating behaviour: Comparison of neutered (n = 31) and intact males (n = 37) of the clade “Huskies” with the neutered (n = 30) and intact males (n = 38) of the “Bulldog” clade with regard to stress-indicating behaviour depending on their breed and neutering status. There is a significance for stress due to dogs and noises (multinomial regression analysis: p = 0.02; for neuter status (stress with dogs): p = 0.004; for breed (stress with noises): p = 0.006), stress and uncertainty depending on both breed and neutering status (multinomial regression analysis: final significance p < 0.001) and also a significance for the dependence only on neutering status (multinomial regression analysis: p < 0.001)

Fig. 3

Nervous Behaviour: Comparison of neutered (n = 31) and intact males (n = 37) of the clade “Huskies” with the neutered (n = 30) and intact males (n = 38) of the “Bulldog” clade regarding nervous behaviour depending on their breed and neutering status

Fig. 4

Results from the Budapest questionnaire of neutered (n = 31) and intact males (n = 37) of the clade “Huskies” and the neutered (n = 30) and intact males (n = 38) of the “Bulldogs” clade