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. 2025 Aug;32(37):21800-21815.
doi: 10.1007/s11356-024-33823-8. Epub 2024 Jun 4.

Occurrence and health risk estimate of organochlorine pesticides in fruits and vegetables matrices

Wissam Sahyoun  1   2 , Sopheak Net  3 , Eduardo Alberto López-Maldonado  4 , Moomen Baroudi  2 , Baghdad Ouddane  1
Affiliations

Occurrence and health risk estimate of organochlorine pesticides in fruits and vegetables matrices

Wissam Sahyoun et al. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2025 Aug.

Abstract

Occurrence of 20 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in 60 organic and non-organic fruits and vegetables matrices was undertaken using QuEChERS Method EN 15662 for sample preparation analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The procedural method was validated by spiking the OCP standard solutions at three fortified levels at 10, 50, and 100 µg/kg wet weight (ww) to the real matrix of fruit and vegetable with good recovery ranging from 75 to 108% with relative standard deviation (RSD) ≤ 11%, and the limits of detection and quantification (LODs and LOQs) were 0.002-0.02 μg/kg and 0.004-0.1 μg/kg ww, respectively. The assessment of health risks associated with pesticide residues through consumption of vegetables and fruits and the effect of washing and peeling on concentration of various pesticides were also studied. The results showed that the concentration levels of 60% of samples were lower than the LOQs, while the rest was contaminated by OCP residues. Organic fruits and vegetables showed the absence of OCPs, while several of the studied compounds were detected from conventional agriculture. Skin removal (peeling) was the most effective strategy to eliminate or decrease pesticide residues, and should be one of the solutions to reduce the health impact of pesticides in fruits and vegetables. The analysis of health risk assessment was based on the use of the estimated average daily intake (EDI), hazard index (HI), and hazard ratio (HR) for individuals in two weight categories: children (weighing 16.7 kg) and adults (weighing 60 kg). The HI values were less than 1 suggesting that there was no probable non-carcinogenic health effect, except for heptachlor for children (HI of 1.285). However, the values of HR revealed that children were more susceptible to the carcinogenic health effect associated with consuming contaminated vegetables.

Keywords: Fruits; GC–MS/MS; Organochlorine pesticides; Risk assessment; Vegetables.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethical approval: Not applicable. Consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

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