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. 2025 Dec;19(6):1806-1820.
doi: 10.1007/s11764-024-01596-1. Epub 2024 Jun 6.

Neighborhood factors associated with late effects among survivors of adolescent and young adult cancer

Kimberly L Cannavale  1 , Lanfang Xu  2 , Claudia L Nau  1 , Saro H Armenian  3   4 , Smita Bhatia  5 , F Lennie Wong  3 , Po-Yin Samuel Huang  6 , Robert Cooper  7 , Chun R Chao  8   9
Affiliations

Neighborhood factors associated with late effects among survivors of adolescent and young adult cancer

Kimberly L Cannavale et al. J Cancer Surviv. 2025 Dec.

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the associations between neighborhood income, education, and neighborhood racial composition (measured as a low percentage of white residents) and risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVD), diabetes (DM), and severe depression among survivors of AYA cancer and matched non-cancer peers.

Methods: Two-year survivors of AYA cancers diagnosed at age 15-39 yrs at Kaiser Permanente Southern California (diagnosed 2000-2012) and individually matched (1:13) non-cancer subjects were included. The development of CVD, DM, and severe depression was ascertained via electronic health records. Neighborhood characteristics were obtained from census-based geocoded data. Cox regression evaluated associations between neighborhood characteristics and the health outcomes of interest among both the cancer survivors and the non-cancer comparison cohort and effect modification by cancer survivor status on these relationships.

Results: Among cancer survivors (n = 6774), living in mostly non-white neighborhoods, was associated with risk of CVD (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.54 (95% CI 1.00-2.36)), while lower education level (HR = 1.41 (95% CI 1.02-1.94)) was associated with risk of severe depression. None of the neighborhood characteristics were associated with risk of DM. Effect modification was found for neighborhood education and risk of DM and severe depression.

Conclusion: When jointly considered, cancer survivors who resided in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods were at the highest risk of developing these health outcomes compared to other subgroups.

Implications for cancer survivors: Our findings may inform screening strategy and addressing social determinants of health among AYA cancer survivors.

Keywords: Adolescent and young adults; Cancer survivors; Late effects; Neighborhood characteristics; Socioeconomic status.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethics approval: Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Kaiser Permanente Southern California Institutional Review Board and a waiver of informed consent was granted. Consent to participate: This study was a data only study. No human subjects were involved. Informed consent was waived by the IRB. Consent to publish: This study was a data only study. No human subjects were involved. Informed consent was waived by the IRB.

References

    1. National Cancer Institute. Adolescents and young adults with cancer. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/types/aya . Accessed 5 Mar 2021.
    1. National Cancer Institute. (2020). Study offers insights on health problems among AYA cancer survivors. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2020/aya-cancer-... . Accessed 5 Mar 2021.
    1. American Cancer Society. (2021) 2020 special section: Cancer in adolescents and young adults. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/research/cancer-facts-statistics/all-cancer-facts... . Accessed 5 Mar 2021.
    1. Janssen SHM, van der Graaf WTA, van der Meer DJ, Manten-Horst E, Husson O. Adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer survivorship practices: an overview. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(19):4847.
    1. Chao C, Bhatia S, Xu L, Cannavale KL, Wong FL, Huang P-YS, et al. Chronic comorbidities among survivors of adolescent and young adult cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(27):3161–74. - PubMed - PMC - DOI

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