Diet, lifestyle factors, comorbidities, and hepatocellular carcinoma risk in a middle eastern country: a case-control study

Abstract

Background: Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) can be classified as one of the most common malignancies worldwide. There is scarcity of the published data on the risk factors for HCC in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries specifically Kuwait. Therefore, this case-control study sought to examine the risk factors associated with HCC in Kuwait.

Methods: Fifty-three histopathologically confirmed HCC cases were recruited from the Kuwait Cancer Control Center Registry. One hundred ninety-six controls (1:4 ratio) were selected from medical and/ or surgical outpatient's clinics at all six public hospitals of Kuwait. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the data both from cases and controls through face-to-face interviews. A multivariable logistic regression model was fitted to the case-control data. Adjusted odds ratios (OR_adj) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed using the parameters' estimates of the final model and used for interpretation of the model.

Results: The HCC cases compared with the controls were 41.6 times more likely to have had the history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (OR_adj = 41.6; 95% CI: 8.9-193.5; p < 0.001). The cases compared with the controls were more likely to have reported the history of heavy alcohol drinking (OR_adj = 14.2; 95% CI: 1.2-173.4; p = 0.038). Furthermore, compared with the controls, the HCC cases tended to frequently consume milk and/or milk substitutes (≥ 3 glass/ week) (OR_adj = 7.2; 95% CI: 1.2-43.4). Conversely however, there was a significant protective effect if the participants reportedly have had regularly used olive oil in their routine diet as a source of fat (OR_adj = 0.17; 95% CI: 0.04-0.80) or regularly used non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (OR_adj = 0.20; 95% CI: 0.05-0.71).

Conclusions: This study showed that heavy alcohol consumption, NAFLD history, and excessive consumption of milk/ milk substitutes were associated with a significantly increased HCC risk. Conversely however, regular use of olive oil in the diet as a source of fat or regular use of NSAIDs had a significantly protective effect against HCC risk. Adapting healthy dietary habits and preventing/ treating NAFLD may minimize the HCC risk. Future research with a larger sample size may contemplate validating the results of this study and unraveling additional risk factors contributing to HCC risk. The resultant data may help design and implement evidence-based educational programs for the prevention of HCC in this and other similar settings.

Keywords: And milk substitutes; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Milk; Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs; Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; Olive oil; Risk factors.