Characteristics of painful temporomandibular disorders and their influence on jaw functional limitation and oral health-related quality of life

Abstract

Background: There is limited knowledge about the impact of painful temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and pain characteristics on jaw functional limitation and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in TMD patients.

Objectives: The influence of painful TMDs and pain characteristics on jaw functional limitation and OHRQoL was investigated. Inter-relationships between limitation in jaw function and various OHRQoL domains, along with facial pain attributes predicting impaired jaw function and diminished OHRQoL were also examined.

Methods: TMD patients were recruited from a university-based hospital. A comprehensive questionnaire comprising demographic variables, the DC/TMD Symptom Questionnaire, Graded Chronic Pain Scale, Jaw Functional Limitation Scale-8 (JFLS-8) and Oral Health Impact Profile-TMD (OHIP-TMD) was administered. Participants underwent a protocolized physical examination, and TMD diagnoses were determined utilising the DC/TMD algorithms. Participants were subsequently stratified into intra-articular/pain-related/combined TMD groups, as well as no TMD pain, acute/chronic pain and low/high-intensity pain groups. Data were assessed using non-parametric and hierarchical linear regression analyses (α = .05).

Results: The final sample consisted of 280 participants (mean age 31.2 (SD 11.8) years; 79.3% women). Significant differences in pain characteristics, JFLS-8, and global OHIP scores were observed across the various TMD subtypes, pain chronicity and pain intensity categories. Pain intensity and pain-related interference exhibited moderate correlations with JFLS-8 and global OHIP scores (rs = 0.53-0.60). Moderate associations were also noted between JFLS-8 and global OHIP, as well as most OHIP domains (rs = 0.42-0.64). Both jaw functional limitation and OHRQoL were predicted by sex, pain intensity and pain-related interference.

Conclusions: Sex, pain intensity and pain-related interference are key determinants for both impaired jaw function and diminished OHRQoL, with pain-related interference exerting a more pronounced effect.

Keywords: jaw; oral health; pain measurement; quality of life; temporomandibular joint disorders.