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. 2024 May 7;16(5):e59817.
doi: 10.7759/cureus.59817. eCollection 2024 May.

Clinico-Radiological Correlation Between Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency and Hyperextension of the Knee Joint: A Prospective Study

Mansingh Jarolia  1 , Hira L Nag  1 , Sai Krishna Mlv  1 , Shivanand Gamanagatti  2
Affiliations

Clinico-Radiological Correlation Between Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency and Hyperextension of the Knee Joint: A Prospective Study

Mansingh Jarolia et al. Cureus. .

Abstract

Introduction: The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) primarily restricts anterior sliding of the tibia over the fixed femur, thereby also postulating to prevent hyperextension of the knee joint. The main objective of our study was to identify the role of the ACL in the prevention of knee hyperextension and to quantify the amount of hyperextension caused by an ACL tear, apart from its well-established role in the prevention of anterior tibial translation on the fixed femur.

Methods: This prospective study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital. Eighty patients with unilateral ACL tears were assessed clinico-radiologically in the preoperative period to quantify the knee hyperextension, which was then compared with the uninjured contralateral knee of the same patient. Posterior tibial slope and notch width index were also assessed to rule out bias in our study.

Results: The mean age of patients in our study was 27.3 years. Out of 80 patients, 70 were male and 10 were female. The Pearson coefficient for clinically and radiologically assessed hyperextension was 0.919 (p-value 0.001) and 0.910 (p-value 0.001), respectively. Posterior tibial slope and notch width index assessment showed Pearson coefficients of -0.018 (p-value 0.887) and -0.068 (p-value 0.547), respectively.

Conclusion: Anterior cruciate ligament complete tear or deficiency produces knee hyperextension, which varies from patient to patient. Though the amount of hyperextension produced is mild (less than five degrees in most patients), it can cause a significant amount of knee instability. Hence, correction of knee hyperextension is crucial while performing ACL reconstruction.

Keywords: acl tear.‎; hyperlaxity; knee hyperextension; notch width index; posterior tibial slope..

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Clinical measurement of knee hyperextension. The goniometer is placed at the lateral knee joint line; one limb of the goniometer directed toward the lateral malleolus, and the other limb is directed toward the greater trochanter.
Figure 2
Figure 2. Showing the amount of knee hyperextension measured on the left knee joint of the patient.
Figure 3
Figure 3. True lateral view X-ray of the knee taken in hyperextension. One line was drawn parallel to the posterior cortex of the femur, and the second line was drawn parallel to the posterior cortex of the tibia. The angle of hyperextension was measured at the point where two lines were transecting each other.
1- A line parallel to the posterior cortex of the femur. 2- Hyperextension angle. 3- A line along the posterior cortex of the tibia.
Figure 4
Figure 4. Scatter chart of clinical hyperextension between the affected knee and the normal knee.
Figure 5
Figure 5. Scatter chart of radiological hyperextension between the affected knee and the normal knee.
Figure 6
Figure 6. Scatter chart of the posterior tibial slope between the affected knee and the normal knee.
Figure 7
Figure 7. Scatter chart of notch width index between affected and normal knee.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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