Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2024 May 23:12:1401072.
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1401072. eCollection 2024.

Association between urinary metals and prostate-specific antigen in aging population with depression: a cross-sectional study

Liquan Ren  1 , Yue Zhang  2 , Jinyi Wu  1   3
Affiliations

Association between urinary metals and prostate-specific antigen in aging population with depression: a cross-sectional study

Liquan Ren et al. Front Public Health. .

Abstract

Objective: This study aims to investigate the impact of depression and urinary metals on Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA).

Methods: Analysis was conducted on 1901 samples collected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database between 2001 and 2010. Analytical methods included stepwise multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis of the overall population's urinary metals and PSA relationship, analysis of urinary metals and PSA relationship in older adults and BMI subgroups, analysis of urinary metals and PSA relationship in the depressed population, and restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis. A significance level of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: In the stepwise multiple linear regression, beryllium (Be) showed a dose-response association with PSA (third quartile: β = 0.05, 95%CI (0.02, 0.09); fourth quartile: β = 0.07, 95%CI (0.02, 0.12), p trend = 0.048). Subgroup analysis indicated that in individuals aged >60, Be at Q4 level [β = 0.09, 95%CI (0.05, 0.21)] exhibited a dose-response correlation with PSA. In the population with 25 ≤ BMI < 30, Be might more significantly elevate PSA, with Q4 level having a pronounced impact on PSA levels [β = 0.03, 95%CI (0.02, 1.27)]. In the depressed population, urinary cadmium (Cd) levels showed a significant positive dose-response relationship, with Q4 level of Cd having the maximum impact on PSA [β = 0.3, 95%CI (0.09, 0.49)].

Conclusion: Individuals exposed to beryllium (Be), especially the older adults and overweight, should monitor their PSA levels. In depressed patients, cadmium (Cd) levels may further elevate PSA levels, necessitating increased monitoring of PSA levels among males.

Keywords: NHANES; depression; older adults; prostate-specific antigen; urinary metals.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flowchart of dataset selection.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Restricted cubic spline for association between Be concentration with PSA. Adjusted age, gender, race, educational levels, BMI, family income-poverty ratio level, married status, smoking status, drinking status, diabetes and hypertension.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Zhou S, Su M, Shen P, Yang Z, Chai P, Sun S, et al. Association between drinking water quality and mental health and the modifying role of diet: a prospective cohort study. BMC Med. (2024) 22:53. doi: 10.1186/s12916-024-03269-3, PMID: - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Zhang H, He L, Li S, Zhai M, Ma S, Jin G, et al. Cerebral iron deficiency may induce depression through downregulation of the hippocampal glucocorticoid-glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway. J Affect Disord. (2023) 332:125–35. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.03.085, PMID: - DOI - PubMed
    1. Zeng T, Li J, Xie L, Dong Z, Chen Q, Huang S, et al. Nrf2 regulates iron-dependent hippocampal synapses and functional connectivity damage in depression. J Neuroinflammation. (2023) 20:212. doi: 10.1186/s12974-023-02875-x, PMID: - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Yuan F, Li Y, Hu R, Gong M, Chai M, Ma X, et al. Modeling disrupted synapse formation in wolfram syndrome using hESCs-derived neural cells and cerebral organoids identifies Riluzole as a therapeutic molecule. Mol Psychiatry. (2023) 28:1557–70. doi: 10.1038/s41380-023-01987-3, PMID: - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Xie L, Ng DQ, Heshmatipour M, Acharya M, Coluzzi P, Guerrero N, et al. Electroacupuncture for the management of symptom clusters in cancer patients and survivors (EAST). BMC Complement Med Ther. (2023) 23:92. doi: 10.1186/s12906-023-03926-9, PMID: - DOI - PMC - PubMed