Genome Editing Approaches Using Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs) for the Treatment of Motor Neuron Diseases

Abstract

Motor neuron disorders encompass a spectrum of conditions that can be inherited or arise from spontaneous gene mutations. These disorders disrupt the crucial connection between motor neurons and muscles, leading to a range of symptoms, including muscle weakness, impaired coordination, and abnormal movements. Unfortunately, despite the significant impact on individuals' quality of life, there is currently no definitive cure for these disorders. In response to this pressing medical need, extensive research efforts are underway globally to develop effective treatments for motor neuron disorders. Among the emerging therapeutic strategies, gene therapy has shown considerable promise. By targeting the underlying genetic abnormalities responsible for these disorders, gene therapy aims to correct or mitigate the dysfunctional molecular pathways, offering hope for improved outcomes and potentially even disease reversal. Various approaches are being explored within the realm of gene therapy, with genetic modification techniques taking center stage. These techniques enable precise manipulation of the genetic material, facilitating the replacement of mutated genes with functional ones. One such technique that has garnered attention for its potential therapeutic efficacy is Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs). ZFNs are molecular tools designed to target specific DNA sequences with high precision, enabling targeted gene editing. Their ability to induce targeted modifications in the genome holds significant promise for treating motor neuron disorders by correcting diseasecausing mutations. Moreover, ZFNs offer advantages such as accuracy and desirable therapeutic effects, making them an attractive option for gene therapy applications. Despite their potential, it is essential to acknowledge the limitations and challenges associated with ZFN-based gene therapy. These include off-target effects, delivery methods, and immune responses. Understanding and addressing these challenges are critical steps toward realizing the full therapeutic potential of ZFNs in treating motor neuron disorders. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the intricacies of ZFNs, exploring their mechanisms of action, current applications, limitations, and future prospects in gene therapy for motor neuron disorders. Additionally, we provide insights into other nucleases-mediated gene therapy approaches, highlighting their comparative advantages and challenges. Furthermore, we discuss factors influencing the efficacy and safety of gene therapy treatments, including delivery methods, immune responses, and ethical considerations. By examining these factors in detail, we aim to provide a holistic understanding of the complex landscape of gene therapy for motor neuron disorders and pave the way for future advancements in the field.

Keywords: FOK I catalytic domain.; Zinc finger nucleases; gene delivery systems; gene therapy; genome editing techniques; motor neuron disorders.