Presence of pathogen DNA in milk harvested from quarters is associated to changes in cows' milk yield and composition

Abstract

Background: Intramammary infection is the result of invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in the mammary gland and commonly leads to mastitis in dairy animals. Although much has been done to improve cows' udder health, mastitis remains a significant and costly health issue for dairy farmers, especially if subclinical. In this study, quarter milk samples from clinically healthy cows were harvested to detect pathogens via quantitative PCR (qPCR) and evaluate changes in individual milk traits according to the number of quarters infected and the type of microorganism(s). A commercial qPCR kit was used for detection of Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma spp., Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, Prototheca spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterococcus spp. and Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis. Quarter and pooled milk information of 383 Holstein, 132 Simmental, 129 Rendena, and 112 Jersey cows in 9 Italian single-breed herds was available.

Results: Among the cows with pathogen(s) present in at least 1 quarter, CNS was the most commonly detected DNA, followed by Streptococcus uberis, Mycoplasma bovis, and Streptococcus agalactiae. Cows negative to qPCR were 206 and had the lowest milk somatic cell count. Viceversa, cows with DNA isolated in ≥ 3 quarters were those with the highest somatic cell count. Moreover, when major pathogens were isolated in ≥ 3 quarters, milk had the lowest casein index and lactose content. In animals with pathogen(s) DNA isolated, the extent with whom milk yield and major solids were impaired did not significantly differ between major and minor pathogens.

Conclusions: The effect of the number of affected quarters on the pool milk quality traits was investigated in clinically healthy cows using a commercial kit. Results remark the important negative effect of subclinical udder inflammations on milk yield and quality, but more efforts should be made to investigate the presence of untargeted microorganisms, as they may be potentially dangerous for cows. For a smarter use of antimicrobials, analysis of milk via qPCR is advisable - especially in cows at dry off - to identify quarters at high risk of inflammation and thus apply a targeted/tailored treatment.

Keywords: Intramammary infection; Sterile milk sampling; Udder health; qPCR.

Fig. 1

Overview of the milk sampling procedure¹ adopted. ¹a Quarter-level milk harvested for detection of pathogen DNA via qPCR (STER); b composite milk for composition traits assessment through infrared spectroscopy (DHI)

Fig. 2

Prevalence of each pathogen DNA (3,014 quarter milk samples of 756 cows)

Fig. 3

Pearson’s correlations (P≤ 0.05) between lactose content and SCS in cows with pathogen DNA¹ isolated in 1, 2, or ≥ 3 quarters. ¹S. agalactiae, S.uberis, CNS (coagulase-negative staphylococci), and M. bovis

Fig. 4

Least squares means¹ of udder health-related traits for the fixed effect of pathogen DNA. ¹ Values with different superscripts within trait differ significantly (P ≤ 0.05)