An evolutionary case for plant rarity: Eucalyptus as a model system

Abstract

Species rarity is a common phenomenon across global ecosystems that is becoming increasingly more common under climate change. Although species rarity is often considered to be a stochastic response to environmental and ecological constraints, we examined the hypothesis that plant rarity is a consequence of natural selection acting on performance traits that affect a species range size, habitat specificity, and population aggregation; three primary descriptors of rarity. Using a common garden of 25 species of Tasmanian Eucalyptus, we find that the rarest species have 70% lower biomass than common species. Although rare species demonstrate lower biomass, rare species allocated proportionally more biomass aboveground than common species. There is also a negative phylogenetic autocorrelation underlying the biomass of rare and common species, indicating that traits associated with rarity have diverged within subgenera as a result of environmental factors to reach different associated optima. In support of our hypothesis, we found significant positive relationships between species biomass, range size and habitat specificity, but not population aggregation. These results demonstrate repeated convergent evolution of the trait-based determinants of rarity across the phylogeny in Tasmanian eucalypts. Furthermore, the phylogenetically driven patterns in biomass and biomass allocation seen in rare species may be representative of a larger plant strategy, not yet considered, but offering a mechanism as to how rare species continue to persist despite inherent constraints of small, specialized ranges and populations. These results suggest that if rarity can evolve and is related to plant traits such as biomass, rather than a random outcome of environmental constraints, we may need to revise conservation efforts in these and other rare species to reconsider the abiotic and biotic factors that underlie the distributions of rare plant species.

Keywords: Blomberg's K; eucalyptus; performance traits; phylogeny; rare species; rarity.

FIGURE 1

Aboveground, belowground, and total biomass responses to variation in rarity level. Comparative boxplots demonstrating the (A) total biomass, (B) aboveground biomass, and (C) belowground biomass of 25 Tasmanian Eucalyptus species categorized into seven forms of rarity.

FIGURE 2

Standardized biomass allocation strength by rarity level. Positive standardized allocation strengths represent more resources proportionally allocated to aboveground biomass. Negative standardized allocation strengths represent more resources proportionally allocated to belowground biomass. Standardized allocation strengths near or at zero are indicative of equal partitioning of resources to above‐ and belowground biomass.

FIGURE 3

The biomass of Tasmanian eucalypts demonstrate an underlying negative phylogenetic autocorrelation. A negative phylogenetic autocorrelation or dissimilar signal underlying biomass production is seen underlying closely related species on the Tasmanian Eucalyptus phylogeny.

FIGURE 4

Range size, habitat specificity, and population aggregation responses to total biomass by subgenus of Tasmanian Eucalyptus. Relationships between range size and habitat specificity by total biomass and subgenera demonstrate significant divergence in biomass within subgenus to create a convergent pattern among subgenera.