A one health approach for monitoring antimicrobial resistance: developing a national freshwater pilot effort

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a world-wide public health threat that is projected to lead to 10 million annual deaths globally by 2050. The AMR public health issue has led to the development of action plans to combat AMR, including improved antimicrobial stewardship, development of new antimicrobials, and advanced monitoring. The National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) led by the United States (U.S) Food and Drug Administration along with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and U.S. Department of Agriculture has monitored antimicrobial resistant bacteria in retail meats, humans, and food animals since the mid 1990's. NARMS is currently exploring an integrated One Health monitoring model recognizing that human, animal, plant, and environmental systems are linked to public health. Since 2020, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has led an interagency NARMS environmental working group (EWG) to implement a surface water AMR monitoring program (SWAM) at watershed and national scales. The NARMS EWG divided the development of the environmental monitoring effort into five areas: (i) defining objectives and questions, (ii) designing study/sampling design, (iii) selecting AMR indicators, (iv) establishing analytical methods, and (v) developing data management/analytics/metadata plans. For each of these areas, the consensus among the scientific community and literature was reviewed and carefully considered prior to the development of this environmental monitoring program. The data produced from the SWAM effort will help develop robust surface water monitoring programs with the goal of assessing public health risks associated with AMR pathogens in surface water (e.g., recreational water exposures), provide a comprehensive picture of how resistant strains are related spatially and temporally within a watershed, and help assess how anthropogenic drivers and intervention strategies impact the transmission of AMR within human, animal, and environmental systems.

Keywords: antimicrobial resistance; environment; freshwater; human health; monitoring; one health; surface waters.

FIGURE 1

Schematic of an environmental monitoring effort for antimicrobial resistance in the environment.

FIGURE 2

General flow chart of Salmonella enrichment and isolation procedure. Protocols for the filtration via the Modified Standard Method 9260.B2 and selective enrichment can be found at: dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.rm7vzy72xlx1/v2 and dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.kxygxz5q4v8j/v1, respectively. GN, Gram negative; TT, Tetrathionate; RV, Rappaport Vassiliadis; XLT4, Xylose lysine tergitol 4; BGS, Brilliant Green Sulfa; TSI, Triple Sugar Iron; LIA, Lysine Iron Agar.