Inequivalent and uncorrelated response priming in motor imagery and execution

Abstract

Introduction: Theoretical considerations on motor imagery and motor execution have long been dominated by the functional equivalence view. Previous empirical works comparing these two modes of actions, however, have largely relied on subjective judgments on the imagery process, which may be exposed to various biases. The current study aims to re-examine the commonality and distinguishable aspects of motor imagery and execution via a response repetition paradigm. This framework aims to offer an alternative approach devoid of self-reporting, opening the opportunity for less subjective evaluation of the disparities and correlations between motor imagery and motor execution.

Methods: Participants performed manual speeded-choice on prime-probe pairs in each trial under three conditions distinguished by the modes of response on the prime: mere observation (Perceptual), imagining response (Imagery), and actual responses (Execution). Responses to the following probe were all actual execution of button press. While Experiment 1 compared the basic repetition effects in the three prime conditions, Experiment 2 extended the prime duration to enhance the quality of MI and monitored electromyography (EMG) for excluding prime imagery with muscle activities to enhance specificity of the underlying mechanism.

Results: In Experiment 1, there was no significant repetition effect after mere observation. However, significant repetition effects were observed in both imagery and execution conditions, respectively, which were also significantly correlated. In Experiment 2, trials with excessive EMG activities were excluded before further statistical analysis. A consistent repetition effect pattern in both Imagery and Execution but not the Perception condition. Now the correlation between Imagery and Execution conditions were not significant.

Conclusion: Findings from the current study provide a novel application of a classical paradigm, aiming to minimize the subjectivity inherent in imagery assessments while examining the relationship between motor imagery and motor execution. By highlighting differences and the absence of correlation in repetition effects, the study challenges the functional equivalence hypothesis of imagery and execution. Motor representations of imagery and execution, when measured without subjective judgments, appear to be more distinguishable than traditionally thought. Future studies may examine the neural underpinnings of the response repetition paradigm to further elucidating the common and separable aspects of these two modes of action.

Keywords: S-R binding; functional equivalence hypothesis; motor imagery; motor simulation theory; repetition and binding.

Figure 1

(A) The flow of three different task sessions. (B) Series of events in a typical trial of the three-choice, speeded response task in the testing phase. Note that there were three possible types of prime: perception, imagery, and execution; each requires a different type of response.

Figure 2

The results of response time (RT) across execution, imagery, and perception in repeated and non-repeated conditions. Error bars indicate the standard errors of each condition (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01).

Figure 3

The results of response time (RT) across execution, imagery, and perception from the dataset without screened EMG responses (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01).