Genetics, pharmacotherapy, and dietary interventions in childhood obesity

Abstract

Childhood obesity has emerged as a major global health issue, contributing to the increased prevalence of chronic conditions and adversely affecting the quality of life and future prospects of affected individuals, thereby presenting a substantial societal challenge. This complex condition, influenced by the interplay of genetic predispositions and environmental factors, is characterized by excessive energy intake due to uncontrolled appetite regulation and a Westernized diet. Managing obesity in childhood requires specific considerations compared with adulthood, given the vulnerability of the critical juvenile-adolescent period to toxicity and developmental defects. Consequently, common treatment options for adult obesity may not directly apply to younger populations. Therefore, research on childhood obesity has focused on genetic defects in regulating energy intake, alongside pharmacotherapy and dietary interventions as management approaches, with an emphasis on safety concerns. This review aims to summarize canonical knowledge and recent findings on genetic factors contributing to childhood obesity. Additionally, it assesses the efficacy and safety of existing pharmacotherapies and dietary interventions and suggests future research directions. By providing a comprehensive understanding of the complex dynamics of childhood obesity, this review aims to offer insights into more targeted and effective strategies for addressing this condition, including personalized healthcare solutions.

Keywords: childhood obesity; dietary intervention; genetics; personalized therapy; pharmacotherapy.

FIGURE 1

Schematic summary of the multifaceted etiology and management approaches in childhood obesity. This figure illustrates the complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors influencing the development of childhood obesity. It also delineates primary management strategies, including pharmacotherapy and dietary interventions. The schematic was created using illustrations from https://biorender.com.