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. 2024 May 10;10(11):e31055.
doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31055. eCollection 2024 Jun 15.

Ultrafiltration membrane based on chitosan/adipic acid: Synthesis, characterization and performance on separation of methylene blue and reactive yellow-145 from aqueous phase

Khaled Hab Alrman  1 , Sahar Alhariri  1 , Iman Al-Bakri  1
Affiliations

Ultrafiltration membrane based on chitosan/adipic acid: Synthesis, characterization and performance on separation of methylene blue and reactive yellow-145 from aqueous phase

Khaled Hab Alrman et al. Heliyon. .

Abstract

Here, we report for the first time using of the nontoxic chitosan/adipic acid cross-linked membrane CS/AA in the separation of methylene blue and reactive yellow-145 from aqueous phase. The reason we chose adipic acid as a cross-linking agent is because it gives the cross-linked membrane moderate flexibility due to the presence of four methylene groups in its structure. The structure of the cross-linked membrane CS/AA and their properties were confirmed through, FTIR, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and BET analysis. The thermal properties of membrane indicated an improvement in its flexibility and hydrophobicity, but this improvement was accompanied by a decrease in its thermal stability. pHpzc value and porosity of the CS/AA were 7.88, and 73.95 % respectively. The average pore radius distribution ranged from 2 to 27 nm. The prepared cross-linked membrane provides spontaneous and continuous purification of water with a high efficiency. This is due to the membrane CS/AA ability to separate methylene blue and reactive yellow-145 from the aqueous phase almost completely. The results revealed that the removal efficiency and permeation flux for MB were 100 % and 1 L/m2.h respectively at initial dye concentration of (4,8) mg/L, at 1 bar, and the removal efficiency and permeation flux for RY-145 were (94,96) % and (1.06, 2.09) L/m2.h respectively at 100 mg/L and at (1,1.5) bar. Such cross-linked nanopore polymer membranes provide a new approach for emerging novel purification systems, principally in the field of environmental field.

Keywords: Chitosan- adipic acid- cross-linking- separation- organic dyes.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Dead-End Filtration system.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
FTIR spectrum before and after cross-linking reaction.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Schematic representation of the possible interaction between chitosan and adipic acid.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
DSC curves for CS and CS/AA.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
TGA (a) and DTG (b) thermogram for (CS, CS/AA).
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
BET analysis of nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm for CS/AA membrane.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
The average pore radius distribution for CS/AA membrane.
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
Surface charge of the CS/AA membrane at variable pH values.
Fig. 9
Fig. 9
The 2D and 3D AFM images of CS and CA-1.5/AA membranes.
Fig. 10
Fig. 10
Weight loss in ionic chitosan membranes before and after cross-linking.
Fig. 11
Fig. 11
Weight loss in CS/AA membrane at different pH values.
Fig. 12
Fig. 12
The photograph of the CS/AA membrane before and after the RY-145 separation process.
Fig. 13
Fig. 13
The effect of surface charge of membrane on repulsion or affinity of the dye.
Fig. 14
Fig. 14
spectrum scanning of RY-145 dye before and after treatment.
Fig. 15
Fig. 15
spectrum scanning of MB dye before and after treatment.
Fig. 16
Fig. 16
The photograph of the CS/AA membrane before and after the MB separation process.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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