Classification and applications of nanomaterials in vitro diagnosis

Abstract

With the rapid development of clinical diagnosis and treatment, many traditional and conventional in vitro diagnosis technologies are unable to meet the demands of clinical medicine development. In this situation, nanomaterials are rapidly developing and widely used in the field of in vitro diagnosis. Nanomaterials have distinct size-dependent physical or chemical properties, and their optical, magnetic, electrical, thermal, and biological properties can be modulated at the nanoscale by changing their size, shape, chemical composition, and surface functional groups, particularly because they have a larger specific surface area than macromaterials. They provide an amount of space to modify different molecules on their surface, allowing them to detect small substances, nucleic acids, proteins, and microorganisms. Combining nanomaterials with in vitro diagnosis is expected to result in lower detection limits, higher sensitivity, and stronger selectivity. In this review, we will discuss the classfication and properties of some common nanomaterials, as well as their applications in protein, nucleic acids, and other aspect detection and analysis for in vitro diagnosis, especially on aging-related nanodiagnostics. Finally, it is summarized with guidelines for in vitro diagnosis.

Keywords: Geriatric; In vitro diagnosis; Nanomaterials; Nanoparticles; Nucleic acid; Protein.

Graphical abstract

Fig. 1

Schematic diagram of AUNP-based detection methods. AuNP was linked to TBAs and fixed to the reaction plate. TBAs bound to thrombin, conformational modifications occurred, charge transfer resistance was changed in the presence of REDOX, and further determination was carried out using an electrochemical method.

Fig. 2

AuNPs is an excellent substrate for typical substrate materials, such as TMB in ELISA tests. The plates were coated with Anti-CA-125 primary antibody, treated with serum containing CA-125, and then supplemented with AuNP-Anti-CA-125-HRP secondary antibody, producing a cascade amplification effect.

Fig. 3

Nanopore sequencing model diagram. To break a double strand into a single strand, a single molecule of DNA passes through a pore protein, the pore protein has a protein molecule that acts as a converter, the single molecule of DNA stays in the pore, some ions cause current changes, and the current changes are different for different bases, and a computer calculation method is used to obtain the base sequence.