Coxsackievirus A24 causing acute conjunctivitis in a 2023 outbreak in Vietnam

doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107133

. 2024 Sep:146:107133.

doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107133. Epub 2024 Jun 13.

Coxsackievirus A24 causing acute conjunctivitis in a 2023 outbreak in Vietnam

Collaborators, Affiliations

Collaborators

SCORPIO Study Group:
Lalitha Prajna⁶, N Venkatesh Prajna⁶, Ramesh Gunasekaran⁶, Sankalp Singh Sharma⁶, Vishnu Teja⁶, Meenu Chaudhary⁷, Sanjeeta Sitaula⁷, Ali Sié⁸, Boubacar Coulibaly⁸, Mamadou Bountogo⁸, Thanapong Somkijrungroj⁹, Vannarut Satitpitakul⁹, Huy Tran¹, Linh Hoàng Mai¹, Thảo Hạ Xuân¹, Yen Tran¹, Cristhian A Urzua¹⁰, Fabian Vega¹⁰, Felipe Salgado¹⁰, Loreto Cuitino¹⁰, Fernando Pérez Pérez¹¹, Jaime Macías Martínez¹¹, Van Charles Lansingh¹¹, Sukhumal Thanapaisal¹², Wipada Laovirojjanakul¹², George McKie¹³, Kenia Chavez¹⁴, Travis Redd¹⁴, Winston Chamberlain¹⁴, Angel Cheng¹⁵, Vivien Tham¹⁵, Wiwan Sansanayudh¹⁶, Abba Kaka Hajia Yakoura¹⁷, Abdou Amza¹⁷, Abdoul Salam Youssoufou Souley¹⁷, Adam Nouhou Diori¹⁷, Beido Nassirou¹⁷, Boubacar Kadri¹⁷, Boubacar Mariama¹⁷, Cissé Mamadou Ibrahim¹⁷, Lamyne Aboubacar Roufaye¹⁷, Ramatou Boulhassane¹⁷, Saley Ali¹⁷, Zakou Abdou¹⁷, Lee Goren¹⁸, Irit Bahar¹⁸, Ruti Sella¹⁸, Clare Kelliher¹⁹, Laura Green¹⁹, Hon Shing Ong²⁰, Jod Mehta²⁰, Yu-Chi Liu²⁰, Benjamin A Pinsky²¹, De-Kuang Hwang²², Nai-Wen Fan²², Hong Sheng Chiong²³, Javier Lacorzana²³, Maria Cabrera-Aguas²³, Stephanie Watson²³, Edmund Tsui²⁴, Nina M Cherian²⁴, Rachel Feit-Leichman²⁴, Reginald E Hughes Jr²⁴, Tania Onclinx²⁴, Joseph K Privratsky²⁴, Carol Yu²⁵, Esmeralda McClean²⁵, Iliana Molina²⁵, Armin Hinterwirth²⁶, Cindi Chen²⁶, Danny Yu²⁶, David Liu²⁶, Elodie Lebas²⁶, Emily Colby²⁶, Gerami Seitzman²⁶, Kevin Ruder²⁶, Lina Zhong²⁶, Michael Deiner²⁶, Thomas Abraham²⁶, Thomas Lietman²⁶, Thuy Doan²⁶, Travis Porco²⁶, Stephen McLeod²⁶, Kuniyoshi Kanai²⁷, Meredith Whiteside²⁷, Steven Yeh²⁸, Tolulope Fashina²⁸, James Chodosh²⁹, Bridgit Tarkap³⁰, Jambi N Garap³⁰, Magdalene Mangot³⁰, Edwin Amel³¹, Fasihah Taleo³¹, Johnson Kasso³¹, Kalbule Willie³¹, Madopule Nanu³¹, Prudence Rymill³¹, Anthony W Solomon³²

Affiliations

¹ Hai Yen Vision Institute, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
² Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
³ Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
⁴ Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
⁵ Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, USA. Electronic address: Thuy.Doan@ucsf.edu.
⁶ Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, India.
⁷ B.P Koirala Lions Center for Ophthalmic Studies, Kathmandu, Nepal.
⁸ Centre de Recherche en Sante de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso.
⁹ Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
¹⁰ Hospital Clinico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
¹¹ Instituto Mexicano de Oftalmología, Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico.
¹² Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
¹³ National Eye Institute.
¹⁴ Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
¹⁵ Pacific Vision Institute of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
¹⁶ Phramongkutklao Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand.
¹⁷ Programme National de Santé Oculaire, Niamey, Niger.
¹⁸ Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.
¹⁹ Sinai Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
²⁰ Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.
²¹ Stanford University School of Medicine.
²² Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
²³ The University of Sydney, Save Sight Institute, Sydney, Australia.
²⁴ University of California Los Angeles Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA.
²⁵ University of California San Diego Shiley Eye Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
²⁶ University of California San Francisco Francis I. Proctor Foundation, San Francisco, California, USA.
²⁷ University of California Berkeley School of Optometry, Berkeley, California, USA.
²⁸ University of Nebraska Medical Center Truhlsen Eye Institute, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
²⁹ University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
³⁰ University of Papua New Guinea School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.
³¹ Vanuatu Eye Program, Ministry of Health, Vanuatu.
³² World Health Organization.

PMID: 38876162
PMCID: PMC11847566
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107133

Coxsackievirus A24 causing acute conjunctivitis in a 2023 outbreak in Vietnam

Huy Tran et al. Int J Infect Dis. 2024 Sep.

. 2024 Sep:146:107133.

doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107133. Epub 2024 Jun 13.

Authors

Collaborators

SCORPIO Study Group:
Lalitha Prajna⁶, N Venkatesh Prajna⁶, Ramesh Gunasekaran⁶, Sankalp Singh Sharma⁶, Vishnu Teja⁶, Meenu Chaudhary⁷, Sanjeeta Sitaula⁷, Ali Sié⁸, Boubacar Coulibaly⁸, Mamadou Bountogo⁸, Thanapong Somkijrungroj⁹, Vannarut Satitpitakul⁹, Huy Tran¹, Linh Hoàng Mai¹, Thảo Hạ Xuân¹, Yen Tran¹, Cristhian A Urzua¹⁰, Fabian Vega¹⁰, Felipe Salgado¹⁰, Loreto Cuitino¹⁰, Fernando Pérez Pérez¹¹, Jaime Macías Martínez¹¹, Van Charles Lansingh¹¹, Sukhumal Thanapaisal¹², Wipada Laovirojjanakul¹², George McKie¹³, Kenia Chavez¹⁴, Travis Redd¹⁴, Winston Chamberlain¹⁴, Angel Cheng¹⁵, Vivien Tham¹⁵, Wiwan Sansanayudh¹⁶, Abba Kaka Hajia Yakoura¹⁷, Abdou Amza¹⁷, Abdoul Salam Youssoufou Souley¹⁷, Adam Nouhou Diori¹⁷, Beido Nassirou¹⁷, Boubacar Kadri¹⁷, Boubacar Mariama¹⁷, Cissé Mamadou Ibrahim¹⁷, Lamyne Aboubacar Roufaye¹⁷, Ramatou Boulhassane¹⁷, Saley Ali¹⁷, Zakou Abdou¹⁷, Lee Goren¹⁸, Irit Bahar¹⁸, Ruti Sella¹⁸, Clare Kelliher¹⁹, Laura Green¹⁹, Hon Shing Ong²⁰, Jod Mehta²⁰, Yu-Chi Liu²⁰, Benjamin A Pinsky²¹, De-Kuang Hwang²², Nai-Wen Fan²², Hong Sheng Chiong²³, Javier Lacorzana²³, Maria Cabrera-Aguas²³, Stephanie Watson²³, Edmund Tsui²⁴, Nina M Cherian²⁴, Rachel Feit-Leichman²⁴, Reginald E Hughes Jr²⁴, Tania Onclinx²⁴, Joseph K Privratsky²⁴, Carol Yu²⁵, Esmeralda McClean²⁵, Iliana Molina²⁵, Armin Hinterwirth²⁶, Cindi Chen²⁶, Danny Yu²⁶, David Liu²⁶, Elodie Lebas²⁶, Emily Colby²⁶, Gerami Seitzman²⁶, Kevin Ruder²⁶, Lina Zhong²⁶, Michael Deiner²⁶, Thomas Abraham²⁶, Thomas Lietman²⁶, Thuy Doan²⁶, Travis Porco²⁶, Stephen McLeod²⁶, Kuniyoshi Kanai²⁷, Meredith Whiteside²⁷, Steven Yeh²⁸, Tolulope Fashina²⁸, James Chodosh²⁹, Bridgit Tarkap³⁰, Jambi N Garap³⁰, Magdalene Mangot³⁰, Edwin Amel³¹, Fasihah Taleo³¹, Johnson Kasso³¹, Kalbule Willie³¹, Madopule Nanu³¹, Prudence Rymill³¹, Anthony W Solomon³²

Affiliations

¹ Hai Yen Vision Institute, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
² Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
³ Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
⁴ Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
⁵ Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, USA. Electronic address: Thuy.Doan@ucsf.edu.
⁶ Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, India.
⁷ B.P Koirala Lions Center for Ophthalmic Studies, Kathmandu, Nepal.
⁸ Centre de Recherche en Sante de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso.
⁹ Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
¹⁰ Hospital Clinico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
¹¹ Instituto Mexicano de Oftalmología, Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico.
¹² Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
¹³ National Eye Institute.
¹⁴ Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
¹⁵ Pacific Vision Institute of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
¹⁶ Phramongkutklao Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand.
¹⁷ Programme National de Santé Oculaire, Niamey, Niger.
¹⁸ Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.
¹⁹ Sinai Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
²⁰ Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.
²¹ Stanford University School of Medicine.
²² Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
²³ The University of Sydney, Save Sight Institute, Sydney, Australia.
²⁴ University of California Los Angeles Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA.
²⁵ University of California San Diego Shiley Eye Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
²⁶ University of California San Francisco Francis I. Proctor Foundation, San Francisco, California, USA.
²⁷ University of California Berkeley School of Optometry, Berkeley, California, USA.
²⁸ University of Nebraska Medical Center Truhlsen Eye Institute, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
²⁹ University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
³⁰ University of Papua New Guinea School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.
³¹ Vanuatu Eye Program, Ministry of Health, Vanuatu.
³² World Health Organization.

PMID: 38876162
PMCID: PMC11847566
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107133

Abstract

Objectives: To determine the associated pathogen during the 2023 conjunctivitis outbreak in Vietnam METHODS: RNA-sequencing was used to identify pathogens before and during the outbreak.

Results: 24 patients with infectious conjunctivitis between March and October 2023 from Hai Yen Vision Institute in Vietnam were swabbed. Coxsackievirus A24v was the most common pathogen identified. Phylogenetic analysis of these strains demonstrates similarities to the Coxsackievirus identified in the 2022 India outbreak. Human adenovirus D was also circulating. Ocular findings of tearing, purulence, and itching were common in this outbreak.

Conclusions: Multiple viruses can co-circulate during conjunctivitis outbreaks. Hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, commonly associated with coxsackievirus conjunctivitis, was not a common clinical sign in this outbreak. Repeat genetic surveillance, with the notable inclusion of RNA virus detection strategies, is important for outbreak detection.

Keywords: Conjunctivitis; Coxsackievirus; Epidemic; Keratoconjunctivitis (EKC); Vietnam.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Declarations of competing interest The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial competing interests to report.

Figures

**Figure 1.**
(a) Pathogens identified by RNA-sequence analysis during the 2023 conjunctivitis outbreak in Vietnam (n=24). **(b)** Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree based on the genome sequences of CV-A24v isolated from 5 patients from the outbreak in Ho Chi Minh City in 2023 and prior outbreaks, including a prior outbreak in India in 2022 also captured by our study. The coverage of the genomes for this outbreak ranged from 82% to 91%.

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References

1. Saigon Giai Phong News, Pink Eye Likely to Become Epidemic. https://en.sggp.org.vn/pinkeye-likely-to-be-epidemic-post104764.html. Published September 5, 2023. Accessed December 28, 2023.
1. Nguyen TTH, Le TA, Nguyen VH, Nguyen TU, Nguyen PT, Tran TTA, et al. Molecular typing of conjunctivitis-causing adenoviruses in Hanoi, Vietnam from 2017 to 2019 and complete genome analysis of the most prevalent type (HAdV-8). J Med Virol 2020; 92 (12):3100–10. - PubMed
1. Lalitha P, Seitzman GD, Kotecha R, Hinterwirth A, Chen C, Zhong L, et al. Unbiased pathogen detection and host gene profiling for conjunctivitis. Ophthalmology 2019;126:1090–4. - PMC - PubMed
1. Huddleston J, Hadfield J, Sibley TR, Lee J, Fay K, Ilcisin M, et al. Augur: a bioinformatics toolkit for phylogenetic analyses of human pathogens. J Open Source Softw 2021;6:2906. - PMC - PubMed
1. Prajna N, Prajna L, Teja V, Gunasekaran R, Chen C, Ruder K, et al. Apollo rising: acute conjunctivitis Outbreak in India, 2022. Cornea Open 2023;2:e0009. - PMC - PubMed

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[1] Saigon Giai Phong News, Pink Eye Likely to Become Epidemic. https://en.sggp.org.vn/pinkeye-likely-to-be-epidemic-post104764.html. Published September 5, 2023. Accessed December 28, 2023.

[2] Saigon Giai Phong News, Pink Eye Likely to Become Epidemic. https://en.sggp.org.vn/pinkeye-likely-to-be-epidemic-post104764.html. Published September 5, 2023. Accessed December 28, 2023.

[3] Nguyen TTH, Le TA, Nguyen VH, Nguyen TU, Nguyen PT, Tran TTA, et al. Molecular typing of conjunctivitis-causing adenoviruses in Hanoi, Vietnam from 2017 to 2019 and complete genome analysis of the most prevalent type (HAdV-8). J Med Virol 2020; 92 (12):3100–10. - PubMed

[4] Nguyen TTH, Le TA, Nguyen VH, Nguyen TU, Nguyen PT, Tran TTA, et al. Molecular typing of conjunctivitis-causing adenoviruses in Hanoi, Vietnam from 2017 to 2019 and complete genome analysis of the most prevalent type (HAdV-8). J Med Virol 2020; 92 (12):3100–10. - PubMed

[5] Lalitha P, Seitzman GD, Kotecha R, Hinterwirth A, Chen C, Zhong L, et al. Unbiased pathogen detection and host gene profiling for conjunctivitis. Ophthalmology 2019;126:1090–4. - PMC - PubMed

[6] Lalitha P, Seitzman GD, Kotecha R, Hinterwirth A, Chen C, Zhong L, et al. Unbiased pathogen detection and host gene profiling for conjunctivitis. Ophthalmology 2019;126:1090–4. - PMC - PubMed

[7] Huddleston J, Hadfield J, Sibley TR, Lee J, Fay K, Ilcisin M, et al. Augur: a bioinformatics toolkit for phylogenetic analyses of human pathogens. J Open Source Softw 2021;6:2906. - PMC - PubMed

[8] Huddleston J, Hadfield J, Sibley TR, Lee J, Fay K, Ilcisin M, et al. Augur: a bioinformatics toolkit for phylogenetic analyses of human pathogens. J Open Source Softw 2021;6:2906. - PMC - PubMed

[9] Prajna N, Prajna L, Teja V, Gunasekaran R, Chen C, Ruder K, et al. Apollo rising: acute conjunctivitis Outbreak in India, 2022. Cornea Open 2023;2:e0009. - PMC - PubMed

[10] Prajna N, Prajna L, Teja V, Gunasekaran R, Chen C, Ruder K, et al. Apollo rising: acute conjunctivitis Outbreak in India, 2022. Cornea Open 2023;2:e0009. - PMC - PubMed

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Coxsackievirus A24 causing acute conjunctivitis in a 2023 outbreak in Vietnam

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Affiliations

Coxsackievirus A24 causing acute conjunctivitis in a 2023 outbreak in Vietnam

Authors

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Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

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