Five-year risk of all-cause death and cardiovascular events in women with gestational diabetes and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy

Abstract

Background: . The long-term impact of gestational complications on cardiovascular outcomes in women remains a subject of debate.

Aim: To assess the 5-year risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in women with gestational diabetes and hypertension.

Methods: Retrospective study utilising an health research network(TriNetX). The primary outcome was the composite risk of a cardiovascular event within 5 years with secondary outcomes being its components (all-cause death, acute heart failure, myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke). Women were categorised into 8 different groups based on the ICD-codes for pregnancy related complications recorded 9 months before the delivery:1) gestational diabetes,2) gestational hypertension,3) gestational diabetes with gestational hypertension,4) gestational diabetes with gestational hypertension without pre-eclampsia or eclampsia,5) gestational diabetes with pre-eclampsia or eclampsia,6) gestational hypertension without pre-eclampsia or eclampsia,7) pre-eclampsia or eclampsia,and 8) no gestational complications. Cox-regression analyses were used to produce hazard ratios (HRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) before and after propensity score matching (PSM).

Results: We identified, 24,402 women with gestational diabetes and gestational hypertension and 920,478 without gestational complications. After PSM, compared to women without pregnancy complications, women with gestational diabetes and gestational hypertension had a higher 5-year risk of composite outcome(HR 2.25,95 %CI 2.02-2.51), all-cause death(HR 1.64,95 %CI 1.31-2.06), acute heart failure(HR 2.06,95 %CI 1.69-2.52), myocardial infarction(HR 2.46,95 %CI 1.93-3.14), and ischemic stroke(HR 2.37,95 %CI 2.06-2.74). Women who experienced pre-eclampsia or eclampsia showed the highest risk of primary and secondary outcomes.

Conclusions: Gestational complications are associated with worse long-term cardiovascular outcomes. There is a clear call to action required to improve the longitudinal management of gestational complications to improve women's long-term health.

Keywords: Cardiovascular events; Gestational diabetes; Gestational hypertension; Mortality.