Noma disease among internally displaced persons in Northeast Nigeria: a retrospective descriptive study

Abstract

Background: Recently recognized by the World Health Organization as a neglected tropical disease, Noma, an acute and destructive gangrenous disease affecting the gums and facial structures within the oral cavity, has a high mortality rate if untreated.

Objectives: To investigate the prevalence and impact of Noma among internally displaced populations in Northeastern Nigeria.

Design: A retrospective study.

Methods: This retrospective study investigates the prevalence and impact of Noma among internally displaced populations in Northeastern Nigeria. Noma is endemic in Northern Nigeria, Africa, and its occurrence has been linked to extreme poverty, malnutrition, poor hygiene, and inadequate healthcare - conditions exacerbated by the ongoing Boko Haram conflict.

Results: The retrospective descriptive cross-sectional analysis of 17 cases reveals a median age of 8 years, with most of the patients being children who suffer significant social stigmas, such as difficulties in speaking, eating, and social integration, including reduced school attendance and marital prospects.

Conclusion: The study highlights the urgent need for comprehensive research into the etiology of Noma and its socio-economic impact. It emphasizes the necessity for early and effective intervention strategies, particularly in conflict-stricken areas with limited healthcare access.

Keywords: Noma; conflicts; internally displaced persons; neglected tropical diseases; poverty and malnutrition; social stigma and disability; sub-Saharan Africa.

Figure 1.

A patient diagnosed with Noma, (a) pre-surgery, (b–d) post-surgeries, and (e) a map illustrating the migration patterns of displaced individuals into Adamawa State, Nigeria, with arrows indicating the primary routes from neighboring Borno States and LGAs. LGA, local government area.