Kinematics of the Tennis Serve Using an Optoelectronic Motion Capture System: Are There Correlations between Joint Angles and Racket Velocity?

Abstract

The serve is the most important stroke in tennis. It is a complex gesture consisting of numerous rotations with a wide amplitude, which are important to manage for performance. The aim of this study was to investigate whether correlations exist between joint kinematic parameters and racket velocity. A quantitative kinematics analysis of four ranked players (two boys and two girls) was carried out using an optoelectronic system composed of 10 cameras (150 Hz). Five flat serves per player were analyzed. Eighty-two markers were located across the 15 body segments and on the racket. A descriptive statistical analysis including a correlation analysis was carried out between joint angles and racket kinematic parameters (vertical position, velocity, and acceleration) during the cocking and acceleration phases. Ten very high (0.7 < r < 0.9) and three almost perfect (r > 0.9) correlations were found. Shoulder and hip axial rotations, knee flexion, and trunk extension were correlated linearly with racket vertical position and velocity during the cocking phase. For the acceleration phase, elbow flexion, trunk flexion/extension, and trunk axial rotation were linked to racket kinematics. Some of these parameters showed differences between slow and fast serves. These parameters, which are involved in transmitting ball velocity, are important to consider for tennis players and coaches in training programs, education, and performance enhancement.

Keywords: acceleration phase; ball impact; coaching; cocking phase; correlation; kinematics; performance; racket low point; tennis serve; trophy position.

Figure 1

Anatomical and technical landmarks.

Figure 2

Very high (0.7 < r < 0.9) and almost perfect (r > 0.9) correlations between joint angles and racket velocity during the cocking phase.

Figure 3

Very high (0.7 < r < 0.9) and almost perfect (r > 0.9) correlations between joint angles and racket vertical position during the cocking phase.

Figure 3

Very high (0.7 < r < 0.9) and almost perfect (r > 0.9) correlations between joint angles and racket vertical position during the cocking phase.

Figure 4

Very high (0.7 < r < 0.9) and almost perfect (r > 0.9) correlations between joint angles and racket velocity during the acceleration phase.

Figure 5

Very high (0.7 < r < 0.9) and almost perfect (r > 0.9) correlations between joint angles and racket vertical position during the acceleration phase.

Figure 6

Racket velocity and correlated parameters for the slowest (blue line) and fastest (green line) serves of the full sample and by player during the time-normalized cocking phase.

Figure 7

Racket velocity and correlated parameters for the slowest (blue line) and fastest (green line) serves of the full sample and by player during the time-normalized acceleration phase.