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Review
. 2024 Jun 13:19:5813-5835.
doi: 10.2147/IJN.S460712. eCollection 2024.

Nanoenzymes: A Radiant Hope for the Early Diagnosis and Effective Treatment of Breast and Ovarian Cancers

Samiah Shahid  1   2 , Ayesha Khan  1 , Wajeehah Shahid  3 , Mehvesh Rehan  2 , Roha Asif  1 , Haseeb Nisar  4 , Qudsia Kanwal  5 , Jeong Ryeol Choi  6
Affiliations
Review

Nanoenzymes: A Radiant Hope for the Early Diagnosis and Effective Treatment of Breast and Ovarian Cancers

Samiah Shahid et al. Int J Nanomedicine. .

Abstract

Breast and ovarian cancers, despite having chemotherapy and surgical treatment, still have the lowest survival rate. Experimental stages using nanoenzymes/nanozymes for ovarian cancer diagnosis and treatment are being carried out, and correspondingly the current treatment approaches to treat breast cancer have a lot of adverse side effects, which is the reason why researchers and scientists are looking for new strategies with less side effects. Nanoenzymes have intrinsic enzyme-like activities and can reduce the shortcomings of naturally occurring enzymes due to the ease of storage, high stability, less expensive, and enhanced efficiency. In this review, we have discussed various ways in which nanoenzymes are being used to diagnose and treat breast and ovarian cancer. For breast cancer, nanoenzymes and their multi-enzymatic properties can control the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells or tissues, for example, oxidase (OXD) and peroxidase (POD) activity can be used to generate ROS, while catalase (CAT) or superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity can scavenge ROS. In the case of ovarian cancer, most commonly nanoceria is being investigated, and also when folic acid is combined with nanoceria there are additional advantages like inhibition of beta galactosidase. Nanocarriers are also used to deliver small interfering RNA that are effective in cancer treatment. Studies have shown that iron oxide nanoparticles are actively being used for drug delivery, similarly ferritin carriers are used for the delivery of nanozymes. Hypoxia is a major factor in ovarian cancer, therefore MnO2-based nanozymes are being used as a therapy. For cancer diagnosis and screening, nanozymes are being used in sonodynamic cancer therapy for cancer diagnosis and screening, whereas biomedical imaging and folic acid gold particles are also being used for image guided treatments. Nanozyme biosensors have been developed to detect ovarian cancer. This review article summarizes a detailed insight into breast and ovarian cancers in light of nanozymes-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

Keywords: breast cancer; diagnosis; nanoenzymes; ovarian cancer; treatment.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

Figures

None
Graphical abstract
Figure 1
Figure 1
Versatile platforms for cancer diagnosis and therapy. This figure represents different areas for cancer diagnosis and therapy which can be exploited through using nanoenzymes.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Classes of nanozymes. This figure shows the classification of nanoenzymes having significance in cancer diagnosis and treatment.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Destruction of tumor cells through N-PCNS.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Biochemical applications of nanoceria.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Schematic representation of the antioxidant activity of nanoceria (middle), by analogy with native superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), hypotheses were made for this mechanism.
Figure 6
Figure 6
siRNA dissemination interior cells and take-up of nanocarriers. This graph illustrates how receptor-mediated endocytosis is utilized to require antibody-targeted nanocarriers (10–100 nm) take-up.
Figure 7
Figure 7
AI representation of the process of using carriers for the delivery of nanozymes.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Graphical representation of the mechanism involved in SDT.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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