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Review
. 2024 Aug 7;106(15):1411-1418.
doi: 10.2106/JBJS.23.01417. Epub 2024 Jun 19.

Large Language Models in Orthopaedics: Definitions, Uses, and Limitations

Jie J Yao  1 , Manan Aggarwal  2 , Ryan D Lopez  1 , Surena Namdari  1
Affiliations
Review

Large Language Models in Orthopaedics: Definitions, Uses, and Limitations

Jie J Yao et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am. .

Abstract

➤ Large language models are a subset of artificial intelligence. Large language models are powerful tools that excel in natural language text processing and generation.➤ There are many potential clinical, research, and educational applications of large language models in orthopaedics, but the development of these applications needs to be focused on patient safety and the maintenance of high standards.➤ There are numerous methodological, ethical, and regulatory concerns with regard to the use of large language models. Orthopaedic surgeons need to be aware of the controversies and advocate for an alignment of these models with patient and caregiver priorities.

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Conflict of interest statement

Disclosure: One of the authors (M.A.) is an employee of Google, which developed Med-PaLM, one of the discussed medical large language models in this study. The Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest forms are provided with the online version of the article ( http://links.lww.com/JBJS/I72 ).

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