Multiphoton simultaneous multislice imaging

Abstract

Purpose: To develop multiphoton excitation techniques for simultaneous multislice (SMS) imaging and evaluate their performance and specific absorption rate (SAR) benefit. To improve multiphoton SMS reconstruction quality with a novel CAIPIRINHA (controlled aliasing in parallel imaging results in higher acceleration) design.

Theory and methods: When a conventional single-slice RF field is applied together with an oscillating gradient field, the two can combine to generate multiphoton excitation at multiple discrete spatial locations. Because the conventional RF is reused at multiple spatial locations, multiphoton excitation offers reduced SAR for SMS applications. CAIPIRINHA shifts are often used to improve parallel-imaging acceleration. Interestingly, CAIPIRINHA-type shifts can be obtained for multiphoton SMS by updating the oscillating gradient phase at every phase encode. In this work, both a gradient-echo and a spin-echo sequence with multiphoton CAIPIRINHA-SMS excitation pulses are implemented for in vivo human imaging at 3 T.

Results: For three slices, multiphoton SMS provides a 51% reduction in SAR compared with conventional superposition SMS, whereas for five slices, SAR is reduced by 66%. Multiphoton SMS outperforms PINS (power independent of number of slices) and MultiPINS in terms of SAR reduction especially when the pulse duration is short, slices are thin, and/or the slice spacing is large. A custom CAIPIRINHA phase-encoding design for multiphoton SMS significantly improves reconstruction quality.

Conclusion: Multiphoton SMS excitation can be obtained by combining conventional single-slice RF pulses with an oscillating gradient and offers significant SAR benefits compared with conventional superposition SMS. A novel CAIPIRINHA design allows higher multiband factors for multiphoton SMS imaging.

Keywords: CAIPIRINHA; MultiPINS; PINS; SAR; SMS; multiphoton.