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. 2024 Jun 6;9(24):25694-25703.
doi: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09026. eCollection 2024 Jun 18.

Fabrication of Mn-TPP/RGO Tailored Glassy Carbon Electrode for Doxorubicin Sensing

Rafia Zafar  1 , Syeda Aqsa Batool Bukhari  1 , Habib Nasir  1
Affiliations

Fabrication of Mn-TPP/RGO Tailored Glassy Carbon Electrode for Doxorubicin Sensing

Rafia Zafar et al. ACS Omega. .

Abstract

Cancer is a long-standing disease, and the use of anticancer drugs can cause many different harmful side effects. Therefore, the quantitative analysis of anticancer drugs is crucial. Among all the analytical techniques that have been utilized for the detection of doxorubicin, electrochemical sensors have drawn exceptional consideration because they are simple, affordable, and highly sensitive. Manganese tetraphenylporphyrin decorated reduced graphene oxide (Mn-TPP/RGO), tetraphenylporphyrin decorated reduced graphene oxide (TPP/RGO), and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanostructure based glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs) were fabricated for the detection of doxorubicin (DOX). The synthesized materials were characterized by FTIR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV/vis), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Doxorubicin detection was performed using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Among the prepared electrodes, Mn-TPP/RGO modified GCE gave an optimum peak current at pH 3. The Mn-TPP/RGO modified electrode showed significant linear response range (0.1-0.6 mM); effective sensitivity (112.09 μA mM-1 cm-2); low detection limit (63.5 μM); and excellent stability, selectivity, repeatability, and reproducibility toward doxorubicin. With differential pulse voltammetry, LoD and sensitivity were 27 μM and 0.174 μA μM-1 cm-2, respectively. Real sample analysis was also performed in human serum, and it depicted reasonable recovery results for spiked doxorubicin.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
UV/vis analysis of TPP, Mn-TPP, TPP/RGO, and Mn-TPP/RGO.
Figure 2
Figure 2
FTIR analysis of GO, Mn-TPP, TPP, Mn-TPP/RGO, RGO, and TPP/RGO.
Figure 3
Figure 3
SEM analysis of (a) RGO and (b) Mn-TPP/RGO. EDS analysis of (c) RGO and (d) Mn-TPP/RGO.
Figure 4
Figure 4
(a) EIS analysis of bare GCE, TPP, Mn-TPP, RGO TPP/RGO, and Mn-TPP/RGO in 0.5 mM potassium ferricyanide solution and (b) Randles electrical circuit.
Figure 5
Figure 5
CV at Mn-TPP/RGO, RGO, TPP/RGO, bare GCE, TPP, and Mn-TPP for 0.5 mM DOX in 0.1 M PBS (pH 3) at a scan rate of 50 mV s–1.
Figure 6
Figure 6
(a) CV response for DOX (0.5 mM) at the Mn-TPP/RGO modified electrode using pH solutions from 3 to 7 and (b) calibration curve between pH and Epa.
Figure 7
Figure 7
(a) CV at the Mn-TPP/RGO modified electrode at various scan rates (A to M: 5,10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90,100, 120, and 150 mV s–1) for 0.5 mM DOX (in 0.1 M PBS, pH 3) and (b) calibration curve of υ1/2 vs peak current.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Cyclic voltammogram of the Mn-TPP/RGO electrode for the various concentrations of DOX and (b) calibration plot for different concentration values of DOX vs peak current.
Figure 9
Figure 9
(a) DPV analysis of the Mn-TPP/RGO electrode for the various concentrations of DOX and (b) calibration plot for the different concentration values of DOX vs peak current.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Bar graphs of (a) intraday stability (repeatability analysis) and (b) interday stability of the Mn-TPP/RGO modified electrode for 0.5 mM DOX in 0.1 M PBS of pH 3.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Bar graph for three different Mn-TPP/RGO modified electrodes for 0.5 mM DOX in 0.1 M PBS (pH 3).
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