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Review
. 2025;32(24):4888-4912.
doi: 10.2174/0109298673309011240606095639.

Hybrid Nanoparticles for Cancer Theranostics: A Critical Review on Design, Synthesis, and Multifunctional Capabilities

Saurabh Raka  1 , Sateesh Belemkar  2 , Sankha Bhattacharya  1
Affiliations
Review

Hybrid Nanoparticles for Cancer Theranostics: A Critical Review on Design, Synthesis, and Multifunctional Capabilities

Saurabh Raka et al. Curr Med Chem. 2025.

Abstract

Theranostics, a method that combines targeted therapy and diagnostic imaging, has emerged as a viable route for enhancing cancer treatment, and hybrid nanoparticles (HNPs) are at the forefront of this field. Metallic, polymeric, lipid-based, and silica- based HNPs are studied for targeting and biocompatibility. Using HNPs, chemotherapeutic drugs, small interfering RNA, and therapeutic genes can be given precisely and controlled. This enhances therapeutic efficacy and reduces adverse effects. With fluorescence dyes, MRI contrast agents, and PET tracers, real-time therapy response monitoring is conceivable. A nano platform with therapeutic and diagnostic capabilities holds great promise for personalized medicine and precision oncology. The present study discusses HNPs' biocompatibility, stability, immunogenicity, and long-term biosafety, which are crucial to the clinical translation of cancer theranostics. Further, in this in- -depth investigation, we investigated the design, synthesis, and multifunctional activities of HNPs for use in cancer theranostics.

Keywords: Hybrid nanoparticles (HNPs); cancer theranostics; diagnostic imaging; immunotherapy.; precision oncology; targeted therapy.

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