Delayed diagnosis of new onset pediatric diabetes leading to diabetic ketoacidosis: a retrospective cohort study

Abstract

Objectives: Patients with a delayed diagnosis of diabetes are more likely to present in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence, risk factors, and consequences of missed pediatric diabetes diagnoses in emergency departments (EDs) potentially leading to DKA.

Methods: Cases of children under 19 years old with a first-time diagnosis of diabetes mellitus presenting to EDs in DKA were drawn from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project database. A total of 11,716 cases were included. A delayed diagnosis of diabetes leading to DKA was defined by an ED discharge in the 14 days prior to the DKA diagnosis. The delayed diagnosis cases were analyzed using multivariate analysis to identify risk factors associated with delay, with the primary exposure being child opportunity index (COI) and secondary exposure being race/ethnicity. Rates of complications were compared across groups.

Results: Delayed diagnosis of new onset diabetes leading to DKA occurred in 2.9 %. Delayed diagnosis was associated with COI, with 4.5 , 3.5, 1.9, and 1.5 % occurring by increasing COI quartile (p<0.001). Delays were also associated with younger age and non-Hispanic Black race. Patients with a delayed diagnosis were more likely to experience complications (4.4 vs. 2.2 %, p=0.01) including mechanical ventilation, as well as more frequent intensive care unit admissions and longer length of stays.

Conclusions: Among children with new-onset DKA, 2.9 % had a delayed diagnosis. Delays were associated with complications. Children living in areas with lower child opportunity and non-Hispanic Black children were at higher risk of delays.

Keywords: child opportunity index; delayed diagnosis; diabetic ketoacidosis; pediatric emergency medicine.

Figure 1:

Percentage of delayed diagnoses by COI quartile.