Multi Omics Applications in Biological Systems

Abstract

Traditional methodologies often fall short in addressing the complexity of biological systems. In this regard, system biology omics have brought invaluable tools for conducting comprehensive analysis. Current sequencing capabilities have revolutionized genetics and genomics studies, as well as the characterization of transcriptional profiling and dynamics of several species and sample types. Biological systems experience complex biochemical processes involving thousands of molecules. These processes occur at different levels that can be studied using mass spectrometry-based (MS-based) analysis, enabling high-throughput proteomics, glycoproteomics, glycomics, metabolomics, and lipidomics analysis. Here, we present the most up-to-date techniques utilized in the completion of omics analysis. Additionally, we include some interesting examples of the applicability of multi omics to a variety of biological systems.

Keywords: foodomics; genomics; glycomics; glycoproteomics; lipidomics; metabolomics; omics; proteomics; systems biology; transcriptomics.

Figure 1

Multi omics. Inside the eukaryotic nucleus, spatial conformations of genomic material and interactions participate in regulating gene expression. Different RNAs are accumulated, and some splice variants are produced in response to internal and external stimuli. Transcripts can be rapidly degraded or preserved and can sustain high or low translation rates. Post translational modifications provide different protein functions that can modify ligand affinity, protein interactions, catalytic activity, etc. The cellular regulatory processes favor synthesis, degradation, modification, and interaction of a multitude of molecules. The right section of the figure shows high-throughput sequencing methods and technologies to measure gene expression in situ, and the common LC-MS/MS label-free quantitation “discovery stage” followed by the targeted “validation stage”.