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. 2024 May 21;11(6):230.
doi: 10.3390/vetsci11060230.

Prevalence and Evolutionary Characteristics of Bovine Coronavirus in China

Siyuan Li  1   2   3 , Jin Huang  1   4 , Xuhang Cai  1   2   3 , Li Mao  1   2   5   6 , Lingling Xie  7 , Fu Wang  7 , Hua Zhou  8 , Xuesong Yuan  1   2   4 , Xinru Sun  1   2 , Xincheng Fu  9 , Baochao Fan  1   4   5   6 , Xingang Xu  3 , Jizong Li  1   2   4   5   6 , Bin Li  1   2   4   5   6
Affiliations

Prevalence and Evolutionary Characteristics of Bovine Coronavirus in China

Siyuan Li et al. Vet Sci. .

Abstract

Bovine coronavirus (BCoV), bovine rotavirus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, and bovine astrovirus are the most common intestinal pathogenic viruses causing diarrhea in cattle. We collected 1646 bovine fecal samples from January 2020 to August 2023. BCoV was the major pathogen detected, with a positive rate of 34.02% (560/1646). Of the 670 diarrheal samples and 976 asymptomatic samples, 209 and 351 were BCoV-positive, respectively. Studying the relevance of diarrhea associated with BCoV has shown that the onset of diarrheal symptoms post-infection is strongly correlated with the cattle's age and may also be related to the breed. We amplified and sequenced the hemagglutinin esterase (HE), spike protein, and whole genomes of the partially positive samples and obtained six complete HE sequences, seven complete spike sequences, and six whole genomes. Molecular characterization revealed that six strains were branched Chinese strains, Japanese strains, and partial American strains from the GⅡb subgroup. Strains HBSJZ2202 and JSYZ2209 had four amino acid insertions on HE. We also analyzed ORF1a and found disparities across various regions within GIIb, which were positioned on separate branches within the phylogenetic tree. This work provides data for further investigating the epidemiology of BCoV and for understanding and analyzing BCoV distribution and dynamics.

Keywords: bovine coronavirus; cattle; diarrhea; genetic evolution; genotypes.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood of BCoV strains. Red bold font indicates sequences isolated in this study. (A) Phylogenetic analysis of the global BCoV strains based on S gene. (B) Phylogenetic analysis of the global BCoV strains based on HE gene. Red label: the sequence was obtained in this laboratory.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood of BCoV strains. Red bold font indicates sequences isolated in this study. (A) Phylogenetic analysis of the global BCoV strains based on the ORF1a gene. (B) Unique amino acid sequence site of Chinese strain. Red label: the sequence was obtained in this laboratory (*: termination codon).
Figure 3
Figure 3
HE putative structure. (A) Mebus putative structure of HE in lectin domain. (B) BCoV-SJZ2 putative structure of HE in lectin domain. (C) BCoV-YZ1 putative structure of HE in lectin domain. The domains are color-coded: lectin domain (R, blue); esterase domain (E, green); membrane-proximal domain (MP, red); helix (red); sheet (yellow); loop (green); insertion position (purple).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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