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. 2024 May 31;12(6):405.
doi: 10.3390/toxics12060405.

Advanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Cytarabine from Pharmaceutical Wastewaters

Alexandra Berbentea  1 , Mihaela Ciopec  1 , Narcis Duteanu  1 , Adina Negrea  1 , Petru Negrea  1 , Nicoleta Sorina Nemeş  2 , Bogdan Pascu  2 , Paula Svera M Ianasi  3 , Cătălin Ianăşi  4 , Daniel Marius Duda Seiman  5 , Delia Muntean  6 , Estera Boeriu  7
Affiliations

Advanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Cytarabine from Pharmaceutical Wastewaters

Alexandra Berbentea et al. Toxics. .

Abstract

The need to develop advanced wastewater treatment techniques and their use has become a priority, the main goal being the efficient removal of pollutants, especially those of organic origin. This study presents the photo-degradation of a pharmaceutical wastewater containing Kabi cytarabine, using ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and a synthesized catalyst, a composite based on bismuth and iron oxides (BFO). The size of the bandgap was determined by UV spectroscopy, having a value of 2.27 eV. The specific surface was determined using the BET method, having a value of 0.7 m2 g-1. The material studied for the photo-degradation of cytarabine presents a remarkable photo-degradation efficiency of 97.9% for an initial concentration 0f 10 mg/L cytarabine Kabi when 0.15 g of material was used, during 120 min of interaction with UV radiation at 3 cm from the irradiation source. The material withstands five photo-degradation cycles with good results. At the same time, through this study, it was possible to establish that pyrimidine derivatives could be able to combat infections caused by Escherichia coli and Candida parapsilosis.

Keywords: UV radiation; cytarabine Kabi; degradation; kinetic process.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Photocatalysis process.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Synthesis of the BFO composite material.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Cytarabine chemical structure [60].
Figure 4
Figure 4
UV spectrum and the calibration line.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Physico-chemical characterization of BFO material. (a). TG, DTA, DTG curves for sample BFO; (b). X-ray diffraction pattern for BFO; (c). FT-IR Spectrum of BFO; (d). SEM analysis at 10,000×, 50,000×; (e). Particle distribution; (f). AFM images of BFO; (g). Calculated height for BFO on the selected areas.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Physico-chemical characterization of BFO material. (a). TG, DTA, DTG curves for sample BFO; (b). X-ray diffraction pattern for BFO; (c). FT-IR Spectrum of BFO; (d). SEM analysis at 10,000×, 50,000×; (e). Particle distribution; (f). AFM images of BFO; (g). Calculated height for BFO on the selected areas.
Figure 6
Figure 6
UV–Vis spectrum and deconvolution of BFO composite material.
Figure 7
Figure 7
BFO band gap.
Figure 8
Figure 8
The adsorption–desorption isotherms.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Dependence between cytarabine concentration and irradiation time.
Figure 10
Figure 10
UV–vis spectra regarding the influence of the distance between the UV irradiation source and the BFO—cytarabine solution system.
Figure 11
Figure 11
The distance between the irradiation source and the sample.
Figure 12
Figure 12
The influence of the amount of BFO material.
Figure 13
Figure 13
The influence of the initial concentration of cytarabine.
Figure 14
Figure 14
The pseudo-first-order kinetic plot of cytarabine degradation.
Figure 15
Figure 15
Cycling photo-degradation of cytarabine in the presence of BFO.
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