Behavioral training and mirroring techniques to prepare for elective anesthesia in children with autism spectrum disorder: a prospective evaluation of implemented program

Abstract

Background: Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often require multiple interventions receiving general anesthesia during their lifetimes. However, a single negative experience may trigger and/or aggravate anxiety and subsequent development of unwanted behavior. This monocentric study assessed the compliance with mask induction of children with ASD who followed a preoperative preparation using behavioral training with positive reinforcement technique and use of mirroring technique.

Methods: Prospective observational study including all children with ASD scheduled for day case treatment receiving general anesthesia, from November 2019 to August 2022. The primary outcome was Induction Compliance Checklist (ICC) score. The secondary outcomes were child's anxiety in the operating room assessed by the modified Yale Anxiety Scale (mYPAS), the comportment of the child in the recovery room, parental satisfaction about perioperative management (0 to 10 numerical scale) and the satisfaction of the caregivers about anesthetic management (0 to 10 numerical scale). Behavioral changes were assessed one month after the procedure when possible.

Results: In total, 43 children from one to 17 years old were included. Median ICC score was 3 [1-6]. Induction Compliance was considered as excellent in 18.6% of patients, good in 39.5%, fair in 14.0% and poor in 27.9%. Seven patients (16.3%) needed restraint during induction.

Conclusions: The use of behavioral and mirroring techniques implemented as a preparation program for children with ASD could facilitate mask induction of anesthesia. Such a preparation achieves good to excellent compliance in almost 60% of patients.