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. 2024 Jun 5;12(6):1255.
doi: 10.3390/biomedicines12061255.

Association of Vitamin D with Perfluorinated Alkyl Acids in Women with and without Non-Obese Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Alexandra E Butler  1 , Thozhukat Sathyapalan  2 , Priya Das  1 , Edwina Brennan  1 , Stephen L Atkin  1
Affiliations

Association of Vitamin D with Perfluorinated Alkyl Acids in Women with and without Non-Obese Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Alexandra E Butler et al. Biomedicines. .

Abstract

Background: Perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) are persistent organic pollutants affected by BMI and ethnicity, with contradictory reports of association with vitamin D deficiency.

Methods: Twenty-nine Caucasian women with non-obese polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and age- and BMI-matched Caucasian control women (n = 30) were recruited. Paired serum samples were analyzed for PFAAs (n = 13) using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Tandem mass spectrometry determined levels of 25(OH)D3 and the active 1,25(OH)2D3.

Results: Women with and without PCOS did not differ in age, weight, insulin resistance, or systemic inflammation (C-reactive protein did not differ), but the free androgen index was increased. Four PFAAs were detected in all serum samples: perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS). Serum PFOS was higher in PCOS versus controls (geometric mean [GM] 3.9 vs. 3.1 ng/mL, p < 0.05). Linear regression modeling showed that elevated PFHxS had higher odds of a lower 25(OH)D3 (OR: 2.919, 95% CI 0.82-5.75, p = 0.04). Vitamin D did not differ between cohorts and did not correlate with any PFAAs, either alone or when the groups were combined. When vitamin D was stratified into sufficiency (>20 ng/mL) and deficiency (<20 ng/mL), no correlation with any PFAAs was seen.

Conclusions: While the analyses and findings here are exploratory in light of relatively small recruitment numbers, when age, BMI, and insulin resistance are accounted for, the PFAAs do not appear to be related to 25(OH)D3 or the active 1,25(OH)2D3 in this Caucasian population, nor do they appear to be associated with vitamin D deficiency, suggesting that future studies must account for these factors in the analysis.

Keywords: IVF; PCOS; PFAAs; PFHxS; PFNA; PFOA; PFOS; endocrine disrupting chemicals; perfluorinated alkyl acids; polycystic ovary syndrome.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Lack of correlation of PFAAs with 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 in combined groups of PCOS and control women. None of the PFAAs correlated with either 25(OH)D3 or 1,25(OH)2D3: PFOS (A,B), PFOA (C,D), PFHxS (E,F), and PFNA (G,H).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Lack of correlation of PFAAs with sufficient and deficient 25(OH)D3 in combined groups of PCOS and control women. None of the PFAAs correlated with either sufficient or deficient 25(OH)D3: PFOS (A,B), PFOA (C,D), PFHxS (E,F), and PFNA (G,H).
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