Biopolymeric Innovations in Ophthalmic Surgery: Enhancing Devices and Drug Delivery Systems

Abstract

The interface between material science and ophthalmic medicine is witnessing significant advances with the introduction of biopolymers in medical device fabrication. This review discusses the impact of biopolymers on the development of ophthalmic devices, such as intraocular lenses, stents, and various prosthetics. Biopolymers are emerging as superior alternatives due to their biocompatibility, mechanical robustness, and biodegradability, presenting an advance over traditional materials with respect to patient comfort and environmental considerations. We explore the spectrum of biopolymers used in ophthalmic devices and evaluate their physical properties, compatibility with biological tissues, and clinical performances. Specific applications in oculoplastic and orbital surgeries, hydrogel applications in ocular therapeutics, and polymeric drug delivery systems for a range of ophthalmic conditions were reviewed. We also anticipate future directions and identify challenges in the field, advocating for a collaborative approach between material science and ophthalmic practice to foster innovative, patient-focused treatments. This synthesis aims to reinforce the potential of biopolymers to improve ophthalmic device technology and enhance clinical outcomes.

Keywords: biocomposites; biomaterials; biopolymers; hydrogels; materials science; ocular drug delivery; ocular prosthesis; oculoplastic surgery; ophthalmology; orbital floor fracture.

Figure 1

Illustration of marginal eyelid structures and associated glands. The insets show the meibomian gland orifices along the lid margin, Riolan’s muscle, mucocutaneous junction, and accessory glands of Zeis and Moll. Permission to reprint granted by Wu et al. (2024), from the publication titled Polymers and Biomaterials for Posterior Lamella of the Eyelid and the Lacrimal System [68].

Figure 2

Overview of various ophthalmic medication delivery routes. This figure illustrates the spectrum of administration methods utilized in ophthalmic medicine, encompassing topical, subconjunctival, intravitreal, suprachoroidal, and subretinal techniques.

Figure 3

Overview of anatomical and physiological barriers to pharmacologic intervention in ophthalmic administration. This diagram outlines the anatomical and physiological barriers encountered in the delivery of ophthalmic medications, specifically highlighting the corneal barrier, blood–aqueous barrier, vitreal barrier, tear film barrier, and blood–retinal barrier.