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. 2024 May 31;16(6):894.
doi: 10.3390/v16060894.

Exploring the Epidemiological Surveillance of Hepatitis A in South Africa: A 2023 Perspective

Keveshan Bhagwandin  1   2 , Jayendrie Thaver-Kleitman  1 , Kathleen Subramoney  1   2 , Morubula Jack Manamela  1 , Nishi Prabdial-Sing  1   2
Affiliations

Exploring the Epidemiological Surveillance of Hepatitis A in South Africa: A 2023 Perspective

Keveshan Bhagwandin et al. Viruses. .

Abstract

Hepatitis A (HAV) presents a significant global health concern with diverse clinical manifestations primarily transmitted through fecal-oral routes, emphasizing the critical role of sanitation and water cleanliness in transmission dynamics. Age-related variations, notably asymptomatic presentation in children, add complexity. The World Health Organization's (WHO) endemicity classification aids in understanding prevalence and control strategies. This study examines 2023 South African epidemiological data on HAV cases, evaluating age distribution, incidence rates, and provincial disparities. Data from the national surveillance system and weather services were analyzed. Findings reveal distinct age-related trends, with the highest seroprevalence observed in the 5-9 age group with the most burdened areas located in the Western Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, and Gauteng provinces. Furthermore, seasonal rainfall variations correlate with increased incidence in Western Cape and KZN. The amalgamation of results suggest a potential epidemiological shift, emphasizing the need for updated immunization strategies. Noteworthy patterns, like the rise in 5-9-year-olds, may be influenced by factors such as school clustering and migration. Provincial disparities and the impact of climatic events underscore the necessity for dynamic vaccination strategies and surveillance network enhancements. This study highlights the urgency for improved understanding and response to HAV in South Africa.

Keywords: NMCSS; SDW; endemicity; hepatitis A; surveillance.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Number of anti-HAV IgM cases detected across South African provinces as supplied from the NMCSS.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Age distribution and proportion of anti-HAV IgM in South Africa. Bar graphs represent each age group. The absolute number above the bars represent the total number of positive HAV cases in that age group. The proportion of positive cases are represented by the line graphs for each age group.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Distribution of anti-HAV IgM positive cases between genders.
Figure 4
Figure 4
(a–c) Illustration and relation of monthly rainfall compared to HAV cases in the 3 most burdened provinces.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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