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Review
. 2024 May 29;12(6):590.
doi: 10.3390/vaccines12060590.

Noroviruses: Evolutionary Dynamics, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Vaccine Advances-A Comprehensive Review

Cornelius Arome Omatola  1 , Philip Paul Mshelbwala  2 , Martin-Luther Oseni Okolo  1 , Anyebe Bernard Onoja  3 , Joseph Oyiguh Abraham  1 , David Moses Adaji  4 , Sunday Ocholi Samson  5 , Therisa Ojomideju Okeme  6 , Ruth Foluke Aminu  1 , Monday Eneojo Akor  1 , Gideon Ayeni  7 , Danjuma Muhammed  8 , Phoebe Queen Akoh  1 , Danjuma Salisu Ibrahim  9 , Emmanuel Edegbo  1 , Lamidi Yusuf  1 , Helen Ojomachenwu Ocean  10 , Sumaila Ndah Akpala  1   11 , Oiza Aishat Musa  1 , Andrew Musa Adamu  12   13   14
Affiliations
Review

Noroviruses: Evolutionary Dynamics, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Vaccine Advances-A Comprehensive Review

Cornelius Arome Omatola et al. Vaccines (Basel). .

Abstract

Noroviruses constitute a significant aetiology of sporadic and epidemic gastroenteritis in human hosts worldwide, especially among young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised patients. The low infectious dose of the virus, protracted shedding in faeces, and the ability to persist in the environment promote viral transmission in different socioeconomic settings. Considering the substantial disease burden across healthcare and community settings and the difficulty in controlling the disease, we review aspects related to current knowledge about norovirus biology, mechanisms driving the evolutionary trends, epidemiology and molecular diversity, pathogenic mechanism, and immunity to viral infection. Additionally, we discuss the reservoir hosts, intra-inter host dynamics, and potential eco-evolutionary significance. Finally, we review norovirus vaccines in the development pipeline and further discuss the various host and pathogen factors that may complicate vaccine development.

Keywords: diarrhoea; evolution; molecular diversity; norovirus; pathogenesis; vaccine.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that there were no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Norovirus genera within the Caliciviridae family. The established genogroups are designated GI–GX beside their corresponding host species of origin.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Norovirus emission pathways conceptualized from Ref. [70].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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