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Review
. 2023 Dec 27;4(3):455-462.
doi: 10.1016/j.fmre.2023.10.016. eCollection 2024 May.

Avian influenza and gut microbiome in poultry and humans: A "One Health" perspective

Ling Zhang  1 , Erkai Zhou  1 , Ce Liu  1 , Xiaoyu Tian  1 , Baode Xue  1 , Kai Zhang  2 , Bin Luo  1   3   4
Affiliations
Review

Avian influenza and gut microbiome in poultry and humans: A "One Health" perspective

Ling Zhang et al. Fundam Res. .

Abstract

A gradual increase in avian influenza outbreaks has been found in recent years. It is highly possible to trigger the next human pandemic due to the characteristics of antigenic drift and antigenic shift in avian influenza virus (AIV). Although great improvements in understanding influenza viruses and the associated diseases have been unraveled, our knowledge of how these viruses impact the gut microbiome of both poultry and humans, as well as the underlying mechanisms, is still improving. The "One Health" approach shows better vitality in monitoring and mitigating the risk of avian influenza, which requires a multi-sectoral effort and highlights the interconnection of human health with environmental sustainability and animal health. Therefore, monitoring the gut microbiome may serve as a sentinel for protecting the common health of the environment, animals, and humans. This review summarizes the interactions between AIV infection and the gut microbiome of poultry and humans and their potential mechanisms. With the presented suggestions, we hope to address the current major challenges in the surveillance and prevention of microbiome-related avian influenza with the "One Health" approach.

Keywords: AIV; Avian influenza; Gut microbiome; One Health; Poultry; Poultry-Environment-Human Interface.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest in this work.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig. 1
Mechanism of gut microbiome on AIV infection through the Poultry-Environment-Human Interface based on “One Health” approach. Note: The “One Health” approach links human health, animal health, and environmental health, which highlights the integration and overall health and is affected by climate change, air pollution, global trade, and so on. There are interactions between AIV infection and the intestinal microbiome in poultry and/or humans. Poultry and/or human gut microbiome can directly or indirectly suppress AIV infection, and when AIV infects poultry and or humans, changes in the composition and function of their gut microbiome are found.
Fig 2
Fig. 2
The interactions between AIV infection and the gut microbiome of poultry in both healthy and pathological situations, using chickens as an example. Note: IFN-γ represents Interferon gamma; IL-22 represents Interleukin-22; IL-17A represents Interleukin-17A; IL-1βrepresents Interleukin-1β; IL-18 represents Interleukin-18; ZO-1 represents Zonaoccludens 1; TFF2 represents Trefoil factor 2; Muc2 represents Recombinant Mucin 2.
Fig 3
Fig. 3
Changes of composition and function in the human gut microbiome during AIV infection. Note: Antibiotics, pollution, dietary fiber, poultry intake, aging, and obesity could affect the human gut microbiome. When humans are infected with AIV, the composition and function of the gut microbiome change.
Fig 4
Fig. 4
Suggested strategies for reducing the risk of avian influenza outbreaks based on the “One Health” concept.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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