Talaromyces marneffei, Coccidioides species, and Paracoccidioides species-a systematic review to inform the World Health Organization priority list of fungal pathogens

Abstract

The World Health Organization, in response to the growing burden of fungal disease, established a process to develop a fungal pathogen priority list. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the epidemiology and impact of infections caused by Talaromyces marneffei, Coccidioides species, and Paracoccidioides species. PubMed and Web of Sciences databases were searched to identify studies published between 1 January 2011 and 23 February 2021 reporting on mortality, complications and sequelae, antifungal susceptibility, preventability, annual incidence, and trends. Overall, 25, 17, and 6 articles were included for T. marneffei, Coccidioides spp. and Paracoccidioides spp., respectively. Mortality rates were high in those with invasive talaromycosis and paracoccidioidomycosis (up to 21% and 22.7%, respectively). Hospitalization was frequent in those with coccidioidomycosis (up to 84%), and while the duration was short (mean/median 3-7 days), readmission was common (38%). Reduced susceptibility to fluconazole and echinocandins was observed for T. marneffei and Coccidioides spp., whereas >88% of T. marneffei isolates had minimum inhibitory concentration values ≤0.015 μg/ml for itraconazole, posaconazole, and voriconazole. Risk factors for mortality in those with talaromycosis included low CD4 counts (odds ratio 2.90 when CD4 count <200 cells/μl compared with 24.26 when CD4 count <50 cells/μl). Outbreaks of coccidioidomycosis and paracoccidioidomycosis were associated with construction work (relative risk 4.4-210.6 and 5.7-times increase, respectively). In the United States of America, cases of coccidioidomycosis increased between 2014 and 2017 (from 8232 to 14 364/year). National and global surveillance as well as more detailed studies to better define sequelae, risk factors, outcomes, global distribution, and trends are required.

Keywords: Coccidioides; Paracoccidioides; Penicillium marneffei; Talaromyces marneffei; antifungal resistance; coccidioidomycosis; epidemiology; invasive fungal disease; mortality; paracoccidioidomycosis; penicilliosis; talaromycosis.

Figure 1.

(a) Flow diagram for selection of studies included in the systematic review of Talaromyces marneffei based on: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta‐Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. (b) Flow diagram for selection of studies included in the systematic review of Coccidioides species based on: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta‐Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. (c) Flow diagram for selection of studies included in the systematic review of Paracoccidioides species based on: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta‐Analyses: The PRISMA Statement.