Insights of early feeding regime supplemented with glutamine and various levels of omega-3 in broiler chickens: growth performance, muscle building, antioxidant capacity, intestinal barriers health and defense against mixed Eimeria spp infection

Abstract

Early nutritional management approach greatly impacts broilers' performance and resistance against coccidiosis. The current study explored the impact of post-hatch feeding with a combination of glutamine (Glut) and different levels of omega-3 on broiler chickens' growth performance, muscle building, intestinal barrier, antioxidant ability and protection against avian coccidiosis. A total of six hundred Cobb 500 was divided into six groups: first group (fed basal diet and unchallenged (control) and challenged (negative control, NC) groups were fed a basal diet without additives, and the other groups were infected with Eimeria spp and supplemented with 1.5% Glut alone or with three different levels of omega-3 (0.25, 0.5 and 1%) during the starter period. Notable improvement in body weight gain was observed in the group which fed basal diet supplemented with glut and 1% omega 3 even after coccidia infection (increased by 25% compared challenged group) while feed conversion ratio was restored to control. Myogeneis was enhanced in the group supplemented with Glut and omega-3 (upregulation of myogenin, MyoD, mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase and insulin like growth factor-1 and downregulating of myostatin genes). Groups supplemented with Glut and higher levels of omega-3 highly expressed occluding, mucin-2, junctional Adhesion Molecule 2, b-defensin-1 and cathelicidins-2 genes. Group fed 1% Glut + omega-3 showed an increased total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase and super oxide dismutase enzymes activities with reduced levels of malondialdehyde, reactive oxygen species and H₂O₂. Post-infection, dietary Glut and 1% omega-3 increased intestinal interleukin-10 (IL) and secretory immunoglobulin-A and serum lysozyme, while decreased the elevated inflammatory mediators comprising interleukin IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, nitric oxide (NO) and inducible NO synthase. Fecal oocyst excretion and lesions score severity were lowered in the group fed 1% Glut and omega 3. Based on these findings, dietary Glut and omega-3 supplementation augmented restored overall broilers' performance after coccidial challenge.

Keywords: Post hatch feeding; coccidiosis; glutamine; omega-3; tight junction.

Figure 1.

Impact of newly formulated post-hatching diet reinforced with glutamine and different levels of omega-3 on genes expression of myogenesis: myogenin (MyoG, a); myogenic differentiation 1 (MyoD, b); myostatin (MSTN, c); mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR, d); insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1, e) of broiler chickens before challenge. Control: birds fed basal diet and unchallenged; GLUT: birds fed basal diet supplemented with glutamine at the level of 1.5%; GLUT + omega 3 I, II and III: birds fed basal diet supplemented with glutamine at the level of 1.5% with omega 3 at levels of 0.25, 0.5 and 1% and challenged with Eimeria spp at d 14 of age. ^a–eMean values with different in the columns are significantly dissimilar at p < 0.05.

Figure 2.

Impact of newly formulated post-hatching diet reinforced with glutamine and different levels of omega-3 on genes expression of intestinal immune defense and tight junction at 10- and 20-days post-infection (dpi). ß-defensin-1 (a); cathelicidins-2 (b); mucin-2 (MUC-2, c); occludin (d); junctional adhesion molecule-2 (JAM, e) of broiler chickens. Control: birds fed basal diet; NC (negative control): birds fed basal diet and challenged with Eimeria spp at d 14 of age; GLUT: birds fed basal diet supplemented with glutamine at the level of 1.5% and challenged with Eimeria spp at d 14 of age; GLUT + omega 3 I, II and III: birds fed basal diet supplemented with glutamine at the level of 1.5% with omega 3 at levels of 0.25, 0.5 and 1% and challenged with Eimeria spp at d 14 of age. ^a–eMean values with different in the columns are significantly dissimilar at p < 0.05.

Figure 3.

Impact of newly formulated post-hatching diet reinforced with glutamine and different levels of omega-3 on immune related cytokines and SIgA at 10- and 20-days post-infection (dpi). Interleukin-6 (IL-6, a), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α, B); interleukin-10, (IL-10, C); secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA, D) of broiler chickens. Control: birds fed basal diet; NC (negative control): birds fed basal diet and challenged with Eimeria spp at d 14 of age; GLUT: birds fed basal diet supplemented with glutamine at the level of 1.5% and challenged with Eimeria spp at d 14 of age; GLUT + omega 3 I, II and III: birds fed basal diet supplemented with glutamine at the level of 1.5% with omega 3 at levels of 0.25, 0.5 and 1% and challenged with Eimeria spp at d 14 of age. ^a–e Mean values with different in the columns are significantly dissimilar at p < 0.05.