Progress of organoid platform in cardiovascular research

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease is a significant cause of death in humans. Various models are necessary for the study of cardiovascular diseases, but once cellular and animal models have some defects, such as insufficient fidelity. As a new technology, organoid has certain advantages and has been used in many applications in the study of cardiovascular diseases. This article aims to summarize the application of organoid platforms in cardiovascular diseases, including organoid construction schemes, modeling, and application of cardiovascular organoids. Advances in cardiovascular organoid research have provided many models for different cardiovascular diseases in a variety of areas, including myocardium, blood vessels, and valves. Physiological and pathological models of different diseases, drug research models, and methods for evaluating and promoting the maturation of different kinds of organ tissues are provided for various cardiovascular diseases, including cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction, and atherosclerosis. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the latest research progress in cardiovascular organ tissues, including construction protocols for cardiovascular organoid tissues and their evaluation system, different types of disease models, and applications of cardiovascular organoid models in various studies. The problems and possible solutions in organoid development are summarized.

Keywords: Cardiovascular disease; Cardiovascular disease model; Cardiovascular organoid; Tissue engineering.

Graphical abstract

Fig. 1

Cardiovascular organoid cell sources. Three main types of cells build cardiovascular organoids: embryonic stem cells derived from early-stage embryos, induced pluripotent stem cells reprogrammed from somatic cells such as fibroblasts, and adult stem cells isolated from adults or patients.

Fig. 2

Organoid evaluation. Cardiovascular organoids were evaluated from five aspects: the composition and structure of the matrix and cells in the organoids; Organoid function; Gene and protein expression; The controllability of external biological, physical and chemical factors; And the repeatability of cardiovascular organoid construction.

Fig. 3

Cardiovascular organoid construction program. There are four primary construction schemes for cardiovascular organoids: tissue engineering construction that combines cells with scaffolds, 3D printing construction, self-assembly construction of stem cells induced by various chemical biological factors, and microfluidic organ chips construction.