Trastuzumab-deruxtecan in solid tumors with HER2 alterations: from early phase development to the first agnostic approval of an antibody-drug conjugate

Abstract

Introduction: Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent a revolutionary approach in the systemic treatment for both solid and hematologic tumors. Constituted by an antibody, a cytotoxic payload, and a linker, ADCs aim to selectively deliver cytotoxic agents to tumors while sparing normal tissues. Various ADCs have been tested and approved for multiple solid tumors so far, but if there is one that had a major impact on clinical practice, this is Trastuzumab-deruxtecan (T-DXd). Notably, T-DXd was approved for HER2-positive and HER2-low metastatic breast cancer (MBC), HER2-positive gastric cancer (GC), HER2-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and HER2 3+ solid tumors. Moreover, it received Breakthrough Therapy Designation for HER2-positive colorectal cancer (CRC).

Areas covered: We review preclinical and clinical data of T-DXd, focusing on early-phase ongoing trials exploring combination therapies to enhance the activity of T-DXd in HER2-expressing solid tumors.

Expert opinion: The clinical use of T-DXd still raises questions about selection of patients, treatment duration, prioritization over other approved ADCs, and management of resistance. Concerns regarding the toxicity of T-DXd remain, particularly with combinations involving potentially toxic drugs. Advancements in biomarker identification and combination therapies offer promising avenues to enhance efficacy and overcome resistance to T-DXd, ultimately improving outcomes for patients with cancer.

Keywords: HER2; agnostic treatment; antibody–drug conjugates; breast cancer; clinical trial; drug development; precision oncology; trastuzumab-deruxtecan.