Anatolian genetic ancestry in North Lebanese populations

Abstract

Lebanon's rich history as a cultural crossroad spanning millennia has significantly impacted the genetic composition of its population through successive waves of migration and conquests from surrounding regions. Within modern-day Lebanon, the Koura district stands out with its unique cultural foundations, primarily characterized by a notably high concentration of Greek Orthodox Christians compared to the rest of the country. This study investigates whether the prevalence of Greek Orthodoxy in Koura can be attributed to modern Greek heritage or continuous blending resulting from the ongoing influx of refugees and trade interactions with Greece and Anatolia. We analyzed both ancient and modern DNA data from various populations in the region which could have played a role in shaping the current population of Koura using our own and published data. Our findings indicate that the genetic influence stemming directly from modern Greek immigration into the area appears to be limited. While the historical presence of Greek colonies has left its mark on the region's past, the distinctive character of Koura seems to have been primarily shaped by cultural and political factors, displaying a stronger genetic connection mostly with Anatolia, with affinity to ancient but not modern Greeks.

Keywords: Bioinformatics; F4 statistics; Genomics; Population.

Figure 1

PCA computed and displayed for the full list of populations listed in Supplementary Tables S1 and S2. (a) Principal component analysis, PCs 1 and 2. (b) Principal component analysis, PCs 3 and 4. (c) Rescaled principal component analysis, PCs 1 and 2. (d) Rescaled principal component analysis, PCs 3 and 4.

Figure 2

ADMIXTURE plot for admixtures computed on Koura and surrounding populations listed in Supplementary Tables S1 and S2.

Figure 3

$F_4$ Forest Plots.The $F_4$ plots display the overlap of the differences between Mbuti with population X compared to the differences between Ancient Lebanon (a), Ancient Anatolia (b), Ancient Greece and Koura (c).

Figure 4

qpGraph topologies. Testing ancient Greek and anatolian contribution to modern Koura Greek orthodox. (a) Topology without Greek Admixture - z = − 31.18. (b) Topology with Greek Admixture - z = − 41.41.