Hemodynamics of short-duration light-intensity physical exercise in the prefrontal cortex of children: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study

Abstract

Identifying the types of exercise that enhance cerebral blood flow is crucial for developing exercise programs that enhance cognitive function. Nevertheless, few studies have explored the amount of light-intensity, short-duration exercises that individuals can easily perform on cerebral blood flow, particularly in children. We examined the effects of these exercises on the hemodynamics of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Participants comprised 41 children (aged 12.1 ± 1.5 years, 37% female) who engaged in seven light-intensity exercises, with each movement performed in two patterns lasting 10 or 20 s. Changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) levels at rest and during exercise were compared using analysis of covariance, with sex and age as covariates. Significant increases in oxy-Hb were observed in multiple regions of the PFC during all forms of exercise (including dynamic and twist stretching [66.6%, 8/12 regions, η² = 0.07-0.27], hand and finger movements [75.0%, 9/12 regions, η² = 0.07-0.16], and balance exercises (100.0%, 6/6 regions, η² = 0.13-0.25]), except for static stretching with monotonic movements. This study implies that short-duration, light-intensity exercises, provided that they entail a certain degree of cognitive and/or physical demands, can activate the PFC and increase blood flow.

Keywords: Adolescents; Children; Functional near-infrared spectroscopy; Light-intensity physical activity; Oxygenated hemoglobin; Prefrontal cortex.

Figure 1

List of light-intensity exercise events and methods used in the experiment.

Figure 2

Experimental protocol. The order of patterns (1 and 2) and events (A–G) was randomized.

Figure 3

Attachment points and channel locations of the functional near-infrared spectroscopy probes.