Fire protection priorities in the oak forests of Iran with an emphasis on vertebrate habitat preservation

Abstract

This study examines the impact of fire incidents on wildlife and habitats in the western oak forests of Iran (Zagros region). These forests are globally recognized for their exceptional biodiversity but are frequently threatened by wildfires. To achieve this, the study uses the space-time scan statistics permutation (STSSP) model to identify areas with a higher frequency of fires. The study also analyzes the effects of fires on the Zagros forests from 2000 to 2021 using remote-sensing MODIS data. Also, to understand the elements at risk of fire, burned areas were assessed based on the richness of vertebrate species, determined by the distribution of 88 vertebrate species. The results show that the annual fire rate in the Zagros forests is 76.2 (fire occurrences per year), calculated using the Poisson distribution. Findings show the highest fire rates are found in the northwest and a part of the south of the Zagros. The northwest of the Zagros also has the largest number of single fires and clusters, indicating a wide spatial distribution of fire in these regions. On the other side, it was unexpectedly found that these regions have the richest number of species and higher habitat value. The results demonstrate a significant correlation between the value of the habitat and the extent of burned areas (p < 0.05). The study also reveals that the greatest impact of fires is on small vertebrates. The overlap of frequent fire spots with the richest regions of Zagros oak forests in terms of vertebrate diversity emphasizes the need for strategic forest risk reduction planning, especially in these priority zones.

Keywords: Cluster analysis; Forest fires; Space–time scan statistics permutation model; Vertebrate diversity; Zagros forests.

Figure 1

Green polygon represents the Zagros forests, the authors used ArcGIS software (Ver. 10.8) (https://desktop.arcgis.com/zh-cn/quick-startguides/10.8/) to perform spatial analysis and create color-coded maps.

Figure 2

(a) Annual number of fires and (b) cumulative burnt area in the Zagros forests (2000–2021), the authors used MATLAB (Ver. 2022) software (https://filezack.com/2279-mathworks-matlab-full-version.html#google_vignette) to perform spatial analysis and create color-coded maps.

Figure 3

Clusters of forest fires in (a) north and (b) south of the Zagros forests the authors used ArcGIS (Ver. 10.8) software (https://desktop.arcgis.com/zh-cn/quick-startguides/10.8/) to perform spatial analysis and create color-coded maps.

Figure 4

Richness map of selected vertebrate species and fire clusters in Zagros. The black circle shows fire clusters.

Figure 5

Fire percentage in habitat classes.

Figure 6

Trend of increasing total burned in each class.