Market Needs and Methodologies Associated with Patient Lipidomic Diagnoses and Analyses

Abstract

This chapter conducts an in-depth exploration of the impact of musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders and injuries, with a specific emphasis on their consequences within the older population demographic. It underscores the escalating demand for innovative interventions in MSK tissue engineering. The chapter also highlights the fundamental role played by lipid signaling mediators (LSMs) in tissue regeneration, with relevance to bone and muscle recovery. Remarkably, Prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) emerges as a central orchestrator in these regenerative processes. Furthermore, the chapter investigates the complex interplay between bone and muscle tissues, explaining the important influence exerted by LSMs on their growth and differentiation. The targeted modulation of LSM pathways holds substantial promise as a beneficial way for addressing muscle disorders. In addition to these conceptual understandings, the chapter provides a comprehensive overview of methodologies employed in the identification of LSMs, with a specific focus on the Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). Furthermore, it introduces a detailed LC MS/MS-based protocol tailored for the detection of PGE₂, serving as an invaluable resource for researchers immersed in this dynamic field of study.

Keywords: Bone; Bone-muscle cross talk; Lipid mediators; Lipid signaling; Lipidomics; Muscle; Prostaglandin E2 quantification.

Fig 1.

Population Ages 65 and above. Source: World Bank https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS?end=2020&locations=US&start=2000&view=chart

Fig 2.

Muscle injury incidents in Spain from 1982–2016. (A) Overall incidents of muscle injuries in both males and females. (B) Breakdown of muscle injury incidents between men and women. Source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-07814-z

Fig 3.

Correlation of muscle strength to age. From left to right: ages 60 and over, 60–79, 80 and over. Muscle strength is reported as normal, intermediate, and weak. Source: CDC/NCHS, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011–2012.

Fig 4.

Percentage of People Aged 50+ With Bone Diseases

Fig 5.

Orthopedic Implants Projected Market 2020–2050

Fig 6.

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) plays a role in the process of skeletal muscle repair throughout all stages of healing, encompassing inflammation, regeneration, and fibrosis.

Fig 7.

Schematic representation illustrates the stepwise process of lipidomic analysis using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). The method encompasses sample preparation, chromatographic separation, mass spectrometry, and data analysis, enabling the precise identification and quantification of lipid signaling mediators (LSMs).

Fig 8.

Chromatograms of some of the detected PGs and their deuterated standards a) PGE2-d4, b) PGE2, c) PGD2-d4 and d) PGD2