Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2024 Jun 24:69:1606993.
doi: 10.3389/ijph.2024.1606993. eCollection 2024.

Music-Making and Depression and Anxiety Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic-Results From the NAKO Cohort Study in Germany

Heiko Becher  1 , Lilian Krist  2 , Juliane Menzel  2   3 , Isabel Fernholz  4 , Thomas Keil  2   5   6 , Gunter Kreutz  7 , Alexander Schmidt  4 , Fabian Streit  8 , Stefan N Willich  2 , Cornelia Weikert  2   3
Affiliations

Music-Making and Depression and Anxiety Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic-Results From the NAKO Cohort Study in Germany

Heiko Becher et al. Int J Public Health. .

Abstract

Objectives: To investigate the association of musical activity with mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods: A total of 3,666 participants reported their musical activity before and mental health indicators before and during the pandemic. Depression was assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire, anxiety with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale. The association between mental health scores and musical activities was investigated using linear regression.

Results: Within the last 12 months, 22.1% of the participants reported musical activity (15.1% singing, 14.5% playing an instrument). Individuals with frequent singing as their main musical activity had higher scores before the pandemic than non-musicians and the worsening during the pandemic was more pronounced compared to non-musicians. Instrumentalists tended to have slightly lower scores than non-musicians indicating a possible beneficial effect of playing an instrument on mental health.

Conclusion: The pandemic led to a worsening of mental health, with singers being particularly affected. Singers showed poorer mental health before the pandemic. The tendency for instrumentalists to report lower depression scores compared to non-musicians may support the hypothesis that music-making has a beneficial effect on health.

Keywords: COVID-19; cohort; epidemiologic study; mental health; music making.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they do not have any conflicts of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Means of the mental health scores PHQ-9 and GAD-7 and differences, stratified by categories of music-hours within last 12 months among participants from the German National Cohort study center in central Berlin [German National Cohort, Berlin, Germany, 2017–2020].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Bönisch S, Wegscheider K, Krause L, Sehner S, Wiegel S, Zapf A, et al. Effects of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Related Contact Restrictions in Germany, March to May 2020, on the Mobility and Relation to Infection Patterns. Front Public Health 8 Oktober (2020) 8:568287. 10.3389/fpubh.2020.568287 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. De Maio Nascimento M, Da Silva Neto HR, De Fátima Carreira Moreira Padovez R, Neves VR. Impacts of Social Isolation on the Physical and Mental Health of Older Adults during Quarantine: A Systematic Review. Clin Gerontologist (2022) 2:648–68. 10.1080/07317115.2022.2141166 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Steptoe A, Shankar A, Demakakos P, Wardle J. Social Isolation, Loneliness, and All-Cause Mortality in Older Men and Women. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2013) 110(15):5797–801. 10.1073/pnas.1219686110 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Beutel ME, Klein EM, Brähler E, Reiner I, Jünger C, Michal M, et al. Loneliness in the General Population: Prevalence, Determinants and Relations to Mental Health. BMC Psychiatry Dezember (2017) 17(1):97. 10.1186/s12888-017-1262-x - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Thurston RC, Kubzansky LD. Women, Loneliness, and Incident Coronary Heart Disease. Psychosomatic Med (2009) 71(8):836–42. 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181b40efc - DOI - PMC - PubMed