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. 2024 Jun 20;14(2):92608.
doi: 10.5662/wjm.v14.i2.92608.

Discovering hidden patterns: Association rules for cardiovascular diseases in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Pradeep Kumar Dabla  1 , Kamal Upreti  2 , Dharmsheel Shrivastav  3 , Vimal Mehta  4 , Divakar Singh  5
Affiliations

Discovering hidden patterns: Association rules for cardiovascular diseases in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Pradeep Kumar Dabla et al. World J Methodol. .

Abstract

Background: It is increasingly common to find patients affected by a combination of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and coronary artery disease (CAD), and studies are able to correlate their relationships with available biological and clinical evidence. The aim of the current study was to apply association rule mining (ARM) to discover whether there are consistent patterns of clinical features relevant to these diseases. ARM leverages clinical and laboratory data to the meaningful patterns for diabetic CAD by harnessing the power help of data-driven algorithms to optimise the decision-making in patient care.

Aim: To reinforce the evidence of the T2DM-CAD interplay and demonstrate the ability of ARM to provide new insights into multivariate pattern discovery.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Biochemistry in a specialized tertiary care centre in Delhi, involving a total of 300 consented subjects categorized into three groups: CAD with diabetes, CAD without diabetes, and healthy controls, with 100 subjects in each group. The participants were enrolled from the Cardiology IPD & OPD for the sample collection. The study employed ARM technique to extract the meaningful patterns and relationships from the clinical data with its original value.

Results: The clinical dataset comprised 35 attributes from enrolled subjects. The analysis produced rules with a maximum branching factor of 4 and a rule length of 5, necessitating a 1% probability increase for enhancement. Prominent patterns emerged, highlighting strong links between health indicators and diabetes likelihood, particularly elevated HbA1C and random blood sugar levels. The ARM technique identified individuals with a random blood sugar level > 175 and HbA1C > 6.6 are likely in the "CAD-with-diabetes" group, offering valuable insights into health indicators and influencing factors on disease outcomes.

Conclusion: The application of this method holds promise for healthcare practitioners to offer valuable insights for enhancing patient treatment targeting specific subtypes of CAD with diabetes. Implying artificial intelligence techniques with medical data, we have shown the potential for personalized healthcare and the development of user-friendly applications aimed at improving cardiovascular health outcomes for this high-risk population to optimise the decision-making in patient care.

Keywords: Artificial intelligence; Association rule mining; Coronary angiography; Coronary artery disease; Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict-of-interest statement: No benefits in any form have been received or will be received from a commercial party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this article. All authors declare no conflict of interest for this article.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Patient data extraction and management: A flowchart illustrating the process of data extraction and management in the study. CAD: Coronary artery disease; DM: Diabetes mellitus.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Schematic demonstrating calculation of support, confidence, and lift using clinical data for association rule mining. CAD: Coronary artery disease; DM: Diabetes mellitus; M: Male; F: Female; UM: Unmarried.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Association rule mining results for patients in the coronary artery disease-with-diabetes group, showing a support of 33%. CAD: Coronary artery disease; HBA1C: Glycated hemoglobin.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Association rule mining results for patients in the coronary artery disease-without-diabetes group, showing a support of 33%. CAD: Coronary artery disease; HBA1C: Glycated hemoglobin.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Association rule mining results for subjects in the healthy control group, showing a support of 33%. HC: Healthy control; CAD: Coronary artery disease; HBA1C: Glycated hemoglobin.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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