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Review
. 2024 Jun 14:43:100962.
doi: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2024.100962. eCollection 2024 Aug.

Gender scores in epidemiological research: methods, advantages and implications

Aranka V Ballering  1 , Tim C Olde Hartman  2 , Judith G M Rosmalen  1   3
Affiliations
Review

Gender scores in epidemiological research: methods, advantages and implications

Aranka V Ballering et al. Lancet Reg Health Eur. .

Abstract

Sex and gender-related factors are strongly associated with patients' illness trajectories, underscoring their essential role in epidemiological research and healthcare. Ignoring sex and gender in research and health inevitably results in inequities between women and men in terms of detection of disease, preventative measures, and effectiveness of treatment. Historical influences, including ideas of female inferiority and conservative notions of women's health only comprising reproductive health, reinforced the perceived irrelevance of sex and gender to health. Currently, these ideas are largely abandoned and epidemiology is becoming increasingly sensitive to sex. Gender-sensitivity, however, is lagging behind. This is potentially due to lacking knowledge and awareness about the relevance of both sex and gender to health and challenges in operationalizing gender in epidemiological research. Here, we thoroughly discuss the relevance of sex and gender to health, and pay special attention to the time, place, and culture-dependent embodiment of gender. We also discuss the operationalization of gender via composite gender scores in epidemiological studies. We argue to move beyond solely using these. Rather we should consider sex and gender in the initial stages of designing a study, to facilitate relevant, reproducible, and person-centric research.

Keywords: Epidemiology; Gender-sensitive healthcare; Sex-sensitive healthcare.

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Conflict of interest statement

JR, ToH and AB received funding from ZonMw (project number 84900013). AB received additional funding from ZonMw (project numbers 849800001 and 50018423). No further competing interests are declared.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
The four dimensions of gender.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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