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. 2024 Jul 11;14(1):16039.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-66833-0.

Developing an eyeball positioning method in the eye orbit for craniofacial identification in Korean population

Joon Yeol Ryu  1 , Yeon-Kyung Park  1 , Ji-Hwan Park  2 , Jeong Uk Seo  1 , Byung-Yoon Roh  3 , Eui-Joo Kim  1 , Chang-Un Choi  2 , Kyoung Min Koh  1 , Won-Joon Lee  4
Affiliations

Developing an eyeball positioning method in the eye orbit for craniofacial identification in Korean population

Joon Yeol Ryu et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

We analysed the skulls and faces of Korean subjects using anthropometric methods to understand the anatomical characteristics of the eyeball and eye orbit region of Korean population and to determine the correlations between the hard and soft tissues around the eyeball and eye orbit region. In total, 82 sections in the region were measured to determine the correlations; among them, 34 showed significant differences by sex, and 6 showed significant differences by age. As the distance from the centre of the eye lens to the eye orbit is calculated as a ratio, we determined that the centre of the eye lens is located relatively on the lateral and superior position in each eye orbit in front view. Fourteen sections that could be used for craniofacial reconstruction/approximation in men and women were selected. Regression equations were derived according to the correlation of each section, and their reliabilities were verified by out of sample validation tests. Therefore, our results increase the accuracy of eyeball position determination, which would be useful for more efficient craniofacial reconstruction/approximation of the Korean population and should improve the efficiency of facial recognition.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Measurement sections in anterior view (a). Distances to the centre of the eyeball and eye lens centre from the farmost medial and superior edge in anterior view (b). Eyeball thicknesses in horizontal and longitudinal directions (c). Measurement sections in lateral view (d,e). R represents the right side. C is bilateral symmetry. The sections in which left-side (L) measurements were made are identical to those of the right side.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Orbit and eyeball measurement values that significantly differed by sex. R represents the right side. C is bilateral symmetry. The left-side measurement sections are the same as those of the right side.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Proportional position of the centre of eye lens to the width and height of the orbit (a). Position of the eyeball & eye lens. E1 and E2 are the eye lens centre coordinates and E3 and E4 are the eyeball centre coordinates in anterior view (b). The relative position of the centre of eyeball and eye lens, anterior view (c) and lateral view (d).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Selected measurement sections for predicting the eyeball position in the orbit in lateral view (a), and anterior view (b). R represents right side. The sections in which left-side measurements were made are identical to those of the right side.
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