Revolutionizing renal research: The future of kidney-on-a-chip in biotechnology

Abstract

In vitro models of kidneys have limited effectiveness owing to the complex structure and functions of the kidney when compared with other organs. Therefore many renal function evaluations are currently being carried out through animal experiments. In contrast, efforts are being made to apply biomimetic systems, such as organ-on-a-chip, which is based on microfluidic device technology, to serve as an in vitro model for the kidney. These systems aimed to recreate a physiological cultivation environment. This review has provided an overview of organ-on-a-chip research focused on glomeruli and tubules as in vitro models for the kidney and discusses future prospects.

Keywords: Glomerulus; Microfluidic device; Organ-on-a-chip; Renal tubule; Shear stress.

Fig. 1

Representative device structures The flow channel structures used for kidney-on-a-chip can be classified into two types: (A) single-layer microfluidic device, characterized by a simple rectangular flow channel with renal tubular cells cultured on the bottom surface. (B) Two-layer microfluidic device, featuring a porous structure dividing the upper and lower layers. Different cells are cultured on the porous upper and lower surfaces.

Fig. 2

Organ-on-a-chip is used for various organs Organ-on-a-chip is a system capable of artificially assembling miniature tissues that mimic the functions of various organs on a chip.