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Review
. 2024 Jul 8:12:e17589.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.17589. eCollection 2024.

Green nanobiocatalysts: enhancing enzyme immobilization for industrial and biomedical applications

Doaa S R Khafaga  1 , Ghazala Muteeb  2 , Abdullrahman Elgarawany  3 , Mohammad Aatif  4 , Mohd Farhan  5 , Salma Allam  3 , Batool Abdulhadi Almatar  2 , Mohamed G Radwan  6
Affiliations
Review

Green nanobiocatalysts: enhancing enzyme immobilization for industrial and biomedical applications

Doaa S R Khafaga et al. PeerJ. .

Abstract

Nanobiocatalysts (NBCs), which merge enzymes with nanomaterials, provide a potent method for improving enzyme durability, efficiency, and recyclability. This review highlights the use of eco-friendly synthesis methods to create sustainable nanomaterials for enzyme transport. We investigate different methods of immobilization, such as adsorption, ionic and covalent bonding, entrapment, and cross-linking, examining their pros and cons. The decreased environmental impact of green-synthesized nanomaterials from plants, bacteria, and fungi is emphasized. The review exhibits the various uses of NBCs in food industry, biofuel production, and bioremediation, showing how they can enhance effectiveness and eco-friendliness. Furthermore, we explore the potential impact of NBCs in biomedicine. In general, green nanobiocatalysts are a notable progression in enzyme technology, leading to environmentally-friendly and effective biocatalytic methods that have important impacts on industrial and biomedical fields.

Keywords: Biofuel; Food industry; Green synthesis; Immobilization; Nanobiocatalyst; Nanomaterials.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Enzyme immobilization using different techniques cross-linking, covalent binding, adsorption, ionic bonding and entrapment.
Figure 2
Figure 2. Nanomaterials for enzyme immobilization.
Nanomaterials for nanobiocatalysis include graphene quantum dots as a new substrate for immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOx), carbon nanotubes and micelle were used for lipase immobilization, trypsin was immobilized by mesoporus silica or gold, poly(methyl-methacrylate) was reported as the support for the immobilized urease, liposomes for CRISPR/Cas9 enzyme immobilization, and new dendrimers with a ferrocene core were produced by means of a divergent method for the immobilization of the glucose oxidase enzyme. (Own creation, made with the help of https://www.biorender.com/).
Figure 3
Figure 3. Green synthesis of nanomaterials.
Own creation, made with the help of https://www.biorender.com/.
Figure 4
Figure 4. Different applications of nanobiocatalysts (lipase immobilized for biodiesel production, oxidoreductases immobilized for removal of water pollutants, pectinase immobilized for juice processing and liposome as a carrier for enzymes).
Own creation, made with the help of https://www.biorender.com/.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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