Relationship between Selected SNPs (g.16024A/G, g.16039T/C and g.16060A/C) of the FASN Gene and the Fat Content and Fatty Acid Profile in the Milk of Three Breeds of Cows

Abstract

Fat is an important energy and nutritional component of milk and consists of fatty acids. FASN (fatty acid synthase) is an enzyme that regulates the synthesis of fatty acids in the milk and meat of cattle. It was hypothesized that knowing the relationships between the genotypes of the tested single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the content of fat and specific fatty acids would make it possible to improve milk quality in the selection process during cattle breeding. This study aimed to analyze the relationships of SNPs (g.16024A/G, g.16039T/C) of the FASN gene and their genotypes with the fat and fatty acid content of the milk of the following breeds: Polish Red-White (ZR), Polish Red (RP), and Polish Holstein-Friesian Red-White (RW). The SNP g.16060A/C was included in the study, although its effect on the fat composition of cow's milk has not yet been widely studied. Milk was obtained during test milkings. SNP genotyping was performed using the real-time PCR (HRM) method. The milk from ZR and RP cows was more often characterized by a more favorable fatty acid profile than the milk from RW cows. This information can be used by cattle breeders and consumers of so-called functional food.

Keywords: FASN; SNP; cattle; fat milk; fatty acids; milk.

Figure 1

An example of the amplification diagram of the test samples for SNP 1 (a), SNP 2 (c) and SNP 3 (e). An example of the high-resolution melting profile (HRM) of the amplicons of the tested samples for SNP 1 (b), SNP 2 (d), and SNP 3 (f). (b): red—GG homozygotes; blue—A/G heterozygotes; green—AA homozygotes. (d): red—CC homozygotes; blue—T/C heterozygotes; green—TT homozygotes. (f): red—CC homozygotes; blue—A/C heterozygotes; AA—homozygotes.

Figure 2

Content (mean ± SD) of C16:1, C18:1n9t, C20:1 fatty acids in the milk of Polish Red-White, Polish Red, and Polish Holstein-Friesian Red-White cows depending on the SNP g.16024A/G (SNP 1) genotypes of the FASN gene. ZR—Polish Red-White breed; RP—Polish Red breed; RW—Polish Holstein-Friesian Red-White breed; GG, AG, AA—SNP g.16024A/G genotypes; a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i—values differ significantly between SNP g.16024A/G (SNP 1) genotypes within fatty acid (p < 0.05); A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I—values differ highly significantly between SNP g.16024A/G (SNP 1) genotypes within fatty acid (p < 0.01); a, A—GG polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16024A/G for the ZR cows; b, B—AG polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16024A/G for the ZR cows; c, C—AA polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16024A/G for the ZR cows; d, D—GG polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16024A/G for the RP cows; e, E—AG polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16024A/G for the RP cows; f, F—AA polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16024A/G for the RP cows; g, G—GG polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16024A/G for the RW cows; h, H—AG polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16024A/G for the RW cows; i, I—AA polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16024A/G for the RW cows; SD—standard deviation.

Figure 3

Content (mean ± SD) of C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1n9c, C18:2n6c fatty acids and the total content of SFA acids and UFA acids in the milk of Polish Red-White, Polish Red, and Polish Holstein-Friesian Red-White cows depending on the SNP g.16039T/C (SNP 2) genotype of the FASN gene. ZR—Polish Red-White breed; RP—Polish Red breed; RW—Polish Holstein-Friesian Red-White breed; CC, TC, TT–SNP g.16039T/C genotypes; a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i—values differ significantly between SNP g.16039T/C (SNP 1) genotypes within fatty acid (p < 0.05); A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I—values differ highly significantly between SNP g.16039T/C (SNP 1) genotypes within fatty acid (p < 0.01); a, A—CC polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16039T/C for the ZR cows; b, B—TC polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16039T/C for the ZR cows; c, C—TT polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16039T/C for the ZR cows; d, D—CC polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16039T/C for the RP cows; e, E—TC polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16039T/C for the RP cows; f, F—TT polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16039T/C for the RP cows; g, G—CC polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16039T/C for the RW cows; h, H—TC polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16039T/C for the RW cows; i, I—TT polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16039T/C for the RW cows; SD—standard deviation.

Figure 3

Content (mean ± SD) of C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1n9c, C18:2n6c fatty acids and the total content of SFA acids and UFA acids in the milk of Polish Red-White, Polish Red, and Polish Holstein-Friesian Red-White cows depending on the SNP g.16039T/C (SNP 2) genotype of the FASN gene. ZR—Polish Red-White breed; RP—Polish Red breed; RW—Polish Holstein-Friesian Red-White breed; CC, TC, TT–SNP g.16039T/C genotypes; a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i—values differ significantly between SNP g.16039T/C (SNP 1) genotypes within fatty acid (p < 0.05); A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I—values differ highly significantly between SNP g.16039T/C (SNP 1) genotypes within fatty acid (p < 0.01); a, A—CC polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16039T/C for the ZR cows; b, B—TC polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16039T/C for the ZR cows; c, C—TT polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16039T/C for the ZR cows; d, D—CC polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16039T/C for the RP cows; e, E—TC polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16039T/C for the RP cows; f, F—TT polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16039T/C for the RP cows; g, G—CC polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16039T/C for the RW cows; h, H—TC polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16039T/C for the RW cows; i, I—TT polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16039T/C for the RW cows; SD—standard deviation.

Figure 3

Content (mean ± SD) of C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1n9c, C18:2n6c fatty acids and the total content of SFA acids and UFA acids in the milk of Polish Red-White, Polish Red, and Polish Holstein-Friesian Red-White cows depending on the SNP g.16039T/C (SNP 2) genotype of the FASN gene. ZR—Polish Red-White breed; RP—Polish Red breed; RW—Polish Holstein-Friesian Red-White breed; CC, TC, TT–SNP g.16039T/C genotypes; a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i—values differ significantly between SNP g.16039T/C (SNP 1) genotypes within fatty acid (p < 0.05); A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I—values differ highly significantly between SNP g.16039T/C (SNP 1) genotypes within fatty acid (p < 0.01); a, A—CC polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16039T/C for the ZR cows; b, B—TC polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16039T/C for the ZR cows; c, C—TT polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16039T/C for the ZR cows; d, D—CC polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16039T/C for the RP cows; e, E—TC polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16039T/C for the RP cows; f, F—TT polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16039T/C for the RP cows; g, G—CC polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16039T/C for the RW cows; h, H—TC polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16039T/C for the RW cows; i, I—TT polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16039T/C for the RW cows; SD—standard deviation.

Figure 3

Content (mean ± SD) of C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1n9c, C18:2n6c fatty acids and the total content of SFA acids and UFA acids in the milk of Polish Red-White, Polish Red, and Polish Holstein-Friesian Red-White cows depending on the SNP g.16039T/C (SNP 2) genotype of the FASN gene. ZR—Polish Red-White breed; RP—Polish Red breed; RW—Polish Holstein-Friesian Red-White breed; CC, TC, TT–SNP g.16039T/C genotypes; a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i—values differ significantly between SNP g.16039T/C (SNP 1) genotypes within fatty acid (p < 0.05); A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I—values differ highly significantly between SNP g.16039T/C (SNP 1) genotypes within fatty acid (p < 0.01); a, A—CC polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16039T/C for the ZR cows; b, B—TC polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16039T/C for the ZR cows; c, C—TT polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16039T/C for the ZR cows; d, D—CC polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16039T/C for the RP cows; e, E—TC polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16039T/C for the RP cows; f, F—TT polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16039T/C for the RP cows; g, G—CC polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16039T/C for the RW cows; h, H—TC polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16039T/C for the RW cows; i, I—TT polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16039T/C for the RW cows; SD—standard deviation.

Figure 4

Content (mean ± SD) of C18:0, C20:0, C18:1n9t fatty acids in the milk of Polish Red-White, Polish Red, and Polish Holstein-Friesian Red-White cows depending on the SNP g.16060A/C (SNP 3) genotype of the FASN gene. ZR—Polish Red-White breed; RP—Polish Red breed; RW—Polish Holstein-Friesian Red-White breed; CC, AC, AA—SNP g.16060A/C genotypes; a, c, e, f, g, i—values differ significantly between SNP g.16060A/C (SNP 3) genotypes within fatty acid (p < 0.05); B, D, E, F, G, H, I—values differ highly significantly between SNP g.16060A/C (SNP 3) genotypes within fatty acid (p < 0.01); a—CC polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16060A/C for the ZR cows; B—AC polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16060A/C for the ZR cows; c—AA polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16060A/C for the ZR cows; D—CC polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16060A/C for the RP cows; e, E—AC polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16060A/C for the RP cows; f, F—AA polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16060A/C for the RP cows; g, G—CC polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16060A/C for the RW cows; H—AC polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16060A/C for the RW cows; i, I—AA polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16060A/C for the RW cows; SD—standard deviation.

Figure 4

Content (mean ± SD) of C18:0, C20:0, C18:1n9t fatty acids in the milk of Polish Red-White, Polish Red, and Polish Holstein-Friesian Red-White cows depending on the SNP g.16060A/C (SNP 3) genotype of the FASN gene. ZR—Polish Red-White breed; RP—Polish Red breed; RW—Polish Holstein-Friesian Red-White breed; CC, AC, AA—SNP g.16060A/C genotypes; a, c, e, f, g, i—values differ significantly between SNP g.16060A/C (SNP 3) genotypes within fatty acid (p < 0.05); B, D, E, F, G, H, I—values differ highly significantly between SNP g.16060A/C (SNP 3) genotypes within fatty acid (p < 0.01); a—CC polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16060A/C for the ZR cows; B—AC polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16060A/C for the ZR cows; c—AA polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16060A/C for the ZR cows; D—CC polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16060A/C for the RP cows; e, E—AC polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16060A/C for the RP cows; f, F—AA polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16060A/C for the RP cows; g, G—CC polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16060A/C for the RW cows; H—AC polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16060A/C for the RW cows; i, I—AA polymorphism variant of the SNP g.16060A/C for the RW cows; SD—standard deviation.